Class Assignment

Class Assignment
Generational Cohesion and Conflict In preparation for this discussion, review the following resources: Generations at Work: Managing the Clash of Veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nexters in Your Workplace  Baby Boomers and Generation Y @ Work (While Gen X caught in the middle) – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY1raLxyaKM&feature=youtu.be&list=PL14459467369BDDDC Generational Differences in Work – Values https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxcCc356qOM&feature=youtu.be Millennials or Generation Y, Who They Are and Why They’re Hated- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHpbdQCMnwQ&feature=youtu.be As presented in the readings this week, the generational mix in the workplace can create opportunities for conflict and cohesion. Please respond to the following prompts: Your work manager has asked you to bring together a group of co-workers to form a project team that will look at a new software system to manage customer accounts. Currently, the customer account system is very complex and a manual process, but the system works and has been in place and efficiently managed for over 30 years. You decide to create a project team of multiple generations. Your manager asks you why you made this decision. Explain to her why you have chosen Baby Boomer, Generation X, and Generation Y team members by explaining the unique attributes each could bring to the team. Have you experienced generational conflict at work or in another part of your life? Has your reading this week on generations changed your views regarding this experience or helped you understand what occurred? Share your experience and how your views may have changed.          Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Part 2 Social Media and the Workplace The use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter is so widespread today that they have become tools for employers to evaluate their current and prospective employees. However, most people use these sites primarily to portray the personal and more informal aspects of their lives. In fact, the average person is unaware of just how much the boundary between their personal and work lives are disappearing due to these sites. Please watch the Dangers of Social Media in the Workplace – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuaZ58dE7WI  video that addresses how employers may use social media when considering a potential employee, and then address the questions below.  Should employers be allowed to assess current and/or prospective employees based on their social media sites? Why or why not? Describe at least three different examples of how a current employee’s social media use could jeopardize their job and professionalism in the workplace.  Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references.
Class Assignment
Required Resources Text Korgen, K. O., Korgen, J. O., & Giraffe, V. (2015). Social issues in the workplace (2nd ed.) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/ Chapter 5: Educational and Demographic Trends in the Workplace Chapter 6: Generational Differences, Social Media, and Privacy Issues in the Workforce Article Zemke, M., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (2000). Generations at work: managing the clash of veterans, boomers, xers, and nexters in your workplace Retrieved from http://managingmultigenerationalworkforce.pbworks.com/f/Where+mixed+generations+work+well.pdf This article presents some unique work initiatives to ensuring generational cohesion in the workplace. Read this article to help you complete this week’s “Generational Cohesion and Conflict” discussion. Multimedia Ariix Networking. (2013, June 5). Millennials or generation y, who they are and why they’re hated [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/jHpbdQCMnwQ Cranfield School of Management. (2012, June 8). Generational differences in work values  [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/sxcCc356qOM Lantern OSU. (2010, April 4). Dangers of social media in the workplace [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuaZ58dE7WI Tim and Kris O’Shea. (2014, Augst 22). Baby boomers and generation y @ work (While gen x caught in the middle) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY1raLxyaKM&feature=youtu.be&list=PL14459467369BDDDC
Class Assignment
8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 1 /4 2 L ea rn in g O bje ctiv e s B y t h e e n d o f t h is c h ap te r, y o u w ill b e a b le t o : C om pare w ork ers i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s w it h w ork ers i n o th er d ev e lo p ed n atio n s i n t e rm s o f O rg a n is a tio n f o r E co n om ic C o-o p era tio n a n d D ev e lo p m en t t e st s c o re s. D esc rib e t h e r o le e d uca tio n l e v e l p la y s i n d ete rm in in g a n i n div id ual’s e m plo ym en t p ro sp ects a n d c o m pen sa tio n . E xp la in h ow t h ro u gh ou t U .S . h is to ry , U .S . i m mig ra tio n l a w s h av e b een m an ip ula te d t o m eet e m plo ye rs ’ n eed s a n d p la ca te a n ti- im mig ra n t p oli t ic a l p re ssu re s. D esc rib e t h e i m pact o f r a cia l p re ju d ic e a n d d is c rim in atio n , i n clu d in g s te re o ty p in g, o n j o b p la ce m en t a n d p ro m otio n . 5 E d uca tio n al a n d D em ogra p hic T re n ds i n t h e W ork p la ce z h u d if e n g/iS to ck /T hin ksto ck 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 2 /4 2 E xp la in t h e t e n den cy o f f o re ig n -b orn w ork ers i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s t o c lu ste r i n b oth l o w – a n d h ig h – p ay in g s e rv ic e o ccu p atio n s. D is c u ss t h e d is c rim in atio n a n d s tig m atiz a tio n f o rm er p ris o n i n m ate s f a ce w hen a p ply in g f o r w ork . D esc rib e t h e c h alle n ges t h at d is c h arg ed m em bers o f t h e a rm ed s e rv ic e s o ft e n f a ce i n o b ta in in g a n d k eep in g e m plo ym en t. I n tr o d uctio n H av e y o u e v e r w on dere d if t h e s a cri ic e s y o u m ak e t o g et a n e d uca tio n a re w orth w hile ? I f y o u h av e d ou bts , t h is c h ap te r s h ou ld co n vin ce y o u th at a tta in in g a co lle g e d eg re e h as b en eit s fo r p urs u in g a ca re er in th e U nit e d Sta te s. In a p re d om in an tly s e rv ic e -b ase d e co n om y, a lm ost a ll j o b s t h at p ay w ell r e q u ir e a n e m plo ye e t o h av e h ig h -le v e l s k ills , s u ch a s p ro ic ie n cy i n w rit in g a n d m ath a n d t h e a b ili t y t o q u ic k ly m aste r n ew t e ch n olo gie s. T his c h ap te r e x p lo re s t h e im porta n ce o f e d uca tio n a n d d em ogra p hic tr e n ds th at im pact th e c o n te m pora ry A m eric a n w ork p la ce . W e a ls o e xa m in e is su es o f d is c rim in atio n f a cin g i m mig ra n ts , e x-p ris o n ers , a n d m ili t a ry v e te ra n s. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 3 /4 2 S te p h an ie Z ie b er/ iS to ck /T hin ksto ck E m plo ym en t a n d e d uca tio n l e ve ls a re p osit iv e ly c o rre la te d . 5 .1 E d uca tio n a n d E m plo ym en t Y o u r l e v e l o f e d uca tio n i m pacts t h e l i k eli h ood t h at y o u w ill g et a j o b a n d s u cce ed a t i t . I n f a ct, e d uca tio n al c re d en tia ls h av e n ev e r b een m ore im porta n t f o r t h ose liv in g in t h e U nit e d S ta te s. T o d ay a c o lle g e d ip lo m a is n ece ssa ry to g et m ost jo b s t h at p ay m ore t h an t h e m in im um w ag e. A 4 -y e a r c o lle g e d eg re e p artic u la rly im pro ve s o n e’s c h an ce s o f g ettin g a jo b t h at p ay s a l iv in g w ag e o r b ette r. E d uca tio n a n d I n eq u ali t y S tu d ie s s h ow t h at p ove rty a n d u n em plo ym en t r a te s o ft e n c o rre la te t o e d uca tio n al l e v e l. F o r e xa m ple , in 2 013 o n ly 5 .8 % o f th ose h old in g 4 -y e a r c o lle g e d ip lo m as l iv e d in p ove rty , c o m pare d t o 1 4.7 % o f th ose w it h a 2 -y e a r d eg re e a n d 2 1.8 % o f t h ose w it h ju st a h ig h s c h ool e d uca tio n . A ls o , th e u n em plo ym en t ra te fo r th ose w it h a 4 -y e a r c o lle g e d eg re e w as 2 .8 % , c o m pare d t o 8 .1 % f o r t h ose w it h a 2 -y e a r d eg re e a n d 1 2.2 % f o r t h ose w it h o n ly a h ig h s c h ool d ip lo m a ( P ew R ese a rc h C en te r, 2 014b). H ig h s c h ool s tu d en ts h av e r e sp on ded t o t h e in cre a se d n eed fo r a c o lle g e d eg re e b y e n ro lli n g in c o lle g e a t h ig h er r a te s ( 7 0% in 2 009 v e rs u s 6 3% in 2 000), b u t o ld er w ork ers w it h fe w er e d uca tio n al c re d en tia ls c o n tin ue to b e a t r is k fo r p erp etu ally l o w i n co m es. A lt h ou gh a d eg re e is h elp fu l in o b ta in in g a jo b , it is a ls o im porta n t t o p osse ss th e s k ills r e q u ir e d f o r s u cce ss i n t h e w ork p la ce . F o r e xa m ple , t h ose w ho m an ag e t o g et t h ro u gh h ig h s c h ool a n d c o lle g e w it h ou t g o od w rit in g s k ills w ill n ot s u cce ed in a p osit io n th at re q u ir e s p ro ic ie n cy in w rit te n co m mun ic a tio n . Stu d en ts in th e U nit e d S ta te s, h ow ev e r, h av e f a lle n b eh in d t h ose in m ost o th er d ev e lo p ed n atio n s i n m aste rin g t h e w rit in g, t e ch n ic a l, a n d m ath em atic a l s k ills n ece ssa ry fo r to d ay ’s w ork p la ce . C om pare d w it h w ork in g p op ula tio n s (p eo p le a g ed 1 6 to 6 5) in 2 4 o th er n atio n s, A m eric a n s s c o re d lo w er t h an m ost o n t e sts o f b asic m ath , p ro b le m – s o lv in g w it h te ch n olo gy, an d li t e ra cy. A dm in is te re d by th e Org a n is a tio n fo r E co n om ic C o-o p era tio n a n d D ev e lo p m en t ( O ECD ), t h ese t e sts a sk ed s tu d en ts b oth b asic k n ow le d ge q u estio n s a n d q u estio n s t h at r e q u ir e t h em t o a p ply k n ow le d ge ( a k ey p art of h ig h -le v e l p osit io n s in th e w ork p la ce ) (P ér e z-P eňa , 2 013; O ECD , 2 013a). M ore t h an e v e r b efo re , s u cce ss i n t o d ay ’s w ork p la ce r e q u ir e s s tr o n g c o m mun ic a tio n , l a n gu ag e, r e a d in g, a n d w rit in g s k ills . T he O ECD -a d m in is te re d te sts , h ow ev e r, in dic a te th at in th e U nit e d S ta te s 3 5% o f B la ck , 4 3% o f H is p an ic , a n d 1 0% o f W hit e a d ult s s c o re d lo w in li t e ra cy. L it e ra cy w as m ea su re d b y th e a b ili t y to d eco d e w rit te n w ord s a n d s e n te n ce s a n d c o m pre h en d, i n te rp re t, a n d e v a lu ate c o m ple x t e x ts ( R ogers , 2 013). T he O ECD r e p ort n ote d , “ If t h ere is o n e c e n tr a l m essa g e e m erg in g fr o m th is n ew S u rv ey o f A dult S k ills , it is th at w hat p eo p le k n ow a n d w hat t h ey c a n d o w it h w hat t h ey k n ow h as a m ajo r i m pact o n t h eir l i f e c h an ce s” ( O ECD , 2 013a, p ara . 6 ). O n t h e m acro l e v e l, t h e k n ow le d ge a n d a b ili t y o f U .S . s tu d en ts i m pacts t h e e n tir e n atio n’s e co n om ic p osit io n . O n t h e m ic ro l e v e l, e d uca tio n u su ally h as a s ig n i ic a n t i m pact o n t h e l i f e c h an ce s o f e a ch i n div id ual A m eric a n . W hat W ou ld Y o u D o? M ak in g U p f o r F a lli n g S h ort S u p pose th at u p on re a d in g th is c h ap te r, y o u re a li z e th at d esp it e y o u r h ig h s c h ool d ip lo m a a n d so m e co lle g e e d uca tio n , y o u h av e n ot y e t le a rn ed to w rit e w ell. Y o u a re c o n ce rn ed th is w ill p re v e n t y o u fr o m a ch ie v in g y o u r p ro fe ssio n al g o als . W hat m ig h t y o u d o t o m ak e u p f o r t h is s h ortfa ll? 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 4 /4 2 S k ills E m plo ye rs S e ek E m plo ye rs t o d ay s e ek o u t e m plo ye es w ho h av e s k ills t h at e n ab le t h em t o q u ic k ly le a rn t o d o a jo b o n ce h ir e d . T ab le 5 .1 s h ow s th e to p 1 0 s k ills th at e m plo ye rs s a y th ey s e ek in p ote n tia l e m plo ye es. T he O ECD li t e ra cy s k ill— bein g a b le to “ d eco d e w rit te n w ord s a n d s e n te n ce s a n d c o m pre h en d, in te rp re t a n d e v a lu ate c o m ple x te x ts ”— re la te s to e m plo ye rs ’ d esir e f o r e m plo ye es w ho c a n “ p la n , o rg a n iz e , a n d p rio rit iz e w ork ,” “ o b ta in a n d p ro ce ss in fo rm atio n ,” a n d “ c re a te a n d/o r e d it w rit te n r e p orts ” ( O ECD , 2 013b, p . 2 0). T he t e ch n ic a l a n d m ath em atic a l f e a tu re s o f t h e O ECD t e sts r e la te t o m an y o f t h e o th er s k ills s o u gh t b y e m plo ye rs , s u ch a s th e “ a b ili t y to a n aly ze q u an tit a tiv e d ata ” a n d “ p ro ic ie n cy w it h c o m pute r s o ft w are p ro gra m s” ( O ECD , 2 013b, p . 2 0). T ab le 5 .1 : S k ills e m plo ye rs s e ek R an kin g i n o rd er o f i m porta n ce t o e m plo ye rs S k ill o r q u ali t y 1 A bili t y t o w ork i n a t e a m s tr u ctu re 2 A bili t y t o m ak e d ecis io n s a n d s o lv e p ro b le m s 3 A bili t y t o p la n , o rg a n iz e , a n d p rio rit iz e w ork 4 A bili t y t o v e rb ally c o m mun ic a te w it h p ers o n s i n sid e a n d o u ts id e t h e o rg a n iz a tio n 5 A bili t y t o o b ta in a n d p ro ce ss i n fo rm atio n 6 A bili t y t o a n aly ze q u an tit a tiv e d ata 7 T ech n ic a l k n ow le d ge r e la te d t o t h e j o b 8 P ro ic ie n cy w it h c o m pute r s o ft w are p ro gra m s 9 A bili t y t o c re a te a n d/o r e d it w rit te n r e p orts 1 0 A bili t y t o s e ll o r i n lu en ce o th ers S o u rc e : A da p te d f r o m N atio n al A sso cia tio n o f C olle g es a n d E m plo ye rs, 2 013. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 5 /4 2 5 .2 E d uca tio n , I n co m e, a n d R ace I n a d dit io n t o t h e t y p e o f jo b o b ta in ed , a w ork er’s e d uca tio n le v e l d ra m atic a lly in fo rm s h ow m uch th ey w ill b e p aid , a s F ig u re 5 .1 i n dic a te s. A p ers o n w it h a h ig h s c h ool d ip lo m a m ak es ju st 6 0% o f t h e w ag es o f a p ers o n w it h a 4 -y e a r c o lle g e d eg re e a n d 5 0% o f w hat a w ork er w it h a m aste r’s d eg re e b rin gs h om e ( B LS, 2 015c). M an y h ig h -p ay in g jo b s r e q u ir e s p ecia li z e d s k ills t h at c a n o n ly b e a tta in ed t h ro u gh h ig h er e d uca tio n . R ela tiv e ly lu cra tiv e p ro fe ssio n s s u ch a s m ed ic in e, la w , a n d e n gin eerin g r e q u ir e a d va n ce d d eg re es a n d c re d en tia ls . In m an y jo b s, e m plo ye es e a rn m ore m on ey i f t h ey h av e a d va n ce d d eg re es. F u n ctio n ali s t, C o n li c t, a n d R ace -B ase d T heo re tic a l P ersp ectiv e s o n E d uca tio n A cco rd in g t o t h e fu n ctio n ali s t th eo re tic a l p ers p ectiv e ( C hap te r 1 ), it fo llo w s th at m ore e d uca te d w ork ers s h ou ld m ak e m ore m on ey th an le ss e d uca te d e m plo ye es. P eo p le in p osit io n s th at r e q u ir e h ig h le v e ls o f e d uca tio n , s u ch a s d octo rs , C E O s, a n d la w ye rs , d ese rv e a d eq u ate c o m pen sa tio n , in te rm s o f in co m e a n d s ta tu s, fo r th eir v a lu ab le c o n tr ib u tio n s to s o cie ty a n d f o r t h e s a cri ic e s in t im e a n d m on ey t h ey m ad e t o a tta in t h e s k ills n ece ssa ry t o p erfo rm t h e w ork . L ik ew is e , c o lle g e g ra d uate s h av e u n derta k en t r a in in g a b ove a n d b ey o n d th at o f h ig h s c h ool g ra d uate s a n d s h ou ld th ere fo re h av e a cce ss t o b oth j o b s a n d i n co m e n ot a v a ila b le t o t h ose w it h m ere ly a h ig h s c h ool d ip lo m a. F ig u re 5 .1 : E arn in gs a n d u n em plo ym en t r a te s b y e d uca tio n al a tta in m en t A s e d uca tio n l e v e ls g o u p , e a rn in gs a ls o r is e a n d t h e u n em plo ym en t r a te f a lls . S o u rc e : B LS, 2 015c. C on li c t th eo ris ts p oin t o u t, h ow ev e r, th at a tta in in g a n a d va n ce d e d uca tio n al d eg re e re q u ir e s in an cia l re so u rc e s a n d a ca d em ic a cce ss n ot w id ely a v a ila b le t o t h e p op ula tio n a t l a rg e ( B ow le s & G in tis , 2 002). I n 2 014 n ea rly 1 9% o f A m eric a n s r e p orte d h av in g a tta in ed a b ach elo r’s d eg re e, w here a s o n ly 7 % r e p orte d h av in g a tta in ed a m aste r’s d eg re e ( U .S . C en su s B ure a u , 2 015). F o u r-y e a r c o lle g e g ra d uatio n r a te s h av e in cre a se d o ve r t h e y e a rs , b u t f a r m ore s o fo r w ea lt h ie r th an fo r l o w -in co m e A m eric a n s. A lt h ou gh m ore s tu d en ts a re e n ro lli n g in c o lle g e t h an e v e r b efo re , r e la tiv e ly f e w lo w -in co m e s tu d en ts m an ag e t o a tta in a d eg re e. J u st 1 i n 4 ir s t-y e a r c o lle g e s tu d en ts b orn i n to a f a m ily in t h e b otto m h alf o f t h e in co m e d is tr ib u tio n ( th at is , lo w i n co m e) w ill e a rn a b ach elo r’s d eg re e b y a g e 2 4. O n t h e o th er h an d, 9 o u t o f 1 0 o f th ose b orn in to th e h ig h est in co m e q u artile (th at is , h ig h in co m e) w ill h av e a d eg re e in h an d w hen th ey tu rn 2 4 (T o u gh , 2 014). T his tr e n d p orte n ds i n cre a sin g in eq u ali t y in A m eric a n s o cie ty , a s m ore a n d m ore e m plo ye rs r e fu se to h ir e th ose w it h ou t a 4 -y e a r c o lle g e e d uca tio n ( W eis sm an , 2 013b; G re en sto n e, L oon ey, P ata sh n ik , & Y u , 2 013). T o d ay, v e ry f e w j o b s t h at p ay w ell r e m ain o p en f o r t h ose w it h ou t a c o lle g e d eg re e. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 6 /4 2 R ace -b ase d t h eo ris ts n ote t h at e d uca tio n al, in co m e, a n d u n em plo ym en t le v e ls a re n ot e q u ally d is tr ib u te d a m on g r a cia l g ro u p s. A s d is c u sse d i n C hap te r 4 , t h eo ris ts w ho l o ok a t i n te rs e ctio n ali t y r e co gn iz e h ow s o cia l c la ss, e d uca tio n , a n d r a cia l s ta tu s i n te rs e ct a n d r e in fo rc e o n e a n oth er, m ak in g i t v e ry d if ic u lt f o r c e rta in A m eric a n s t o a tta in g a in fu l e m plo ym en t a n d m ove u p in s o cia l c la ss. In A pril 2 014, 5 .3 % o f W hit e s, 1 1.6 % o f B la ck s, a n d 7 .3 % o f L atin os w ere u n em plo ye d (B LS, 2 014g). R ese a rc h i n dic a te s t h at m ark ed d if fe re n ce s e x is t a m on g r a cia l a n d e th n ic g ro u p s i n t e rm s o f e d uca tio n al a ch ie v e m en t. F o r e xa m ple , t h e h ig h s c h ool c o m ple tio n r a te v a rie s b y r a ce , w it h W hit e s a t 9 0.4 % , A m eric a n I n dia n s 8 6.9 % , A sia n s 8 5.7 % , B la ck s 8 1.6 % , a n d H is p an ic / L atin os 6 1.7 % . W it h r e ga rd t o a tta in in g a b ach elo r’s d eg re e, r a cia l a n d e th n ic d if fe re n ce s a re e v e n m ore p ro n ou n ce d . J u st o ve r h alf ( 5 0.4 % ) o f A sia n s a n d a b ou t o n e t h ir d ( 3 1.1 % ) o f W hit e s h old a n u n derg ra d uate d ip lo m a, c o m pare d t o 1 7.8 % o f B la ck s, 1 3.9 % o f A m eric a n I n dia n s, a n d 1 3.1 % o f H is p an ic / L atin os ( U .S . D ep artm en t o f E duca tio n , 2 012). A s n ote d p re v io u sly , e d uca tio n l e v e ls i m pact i n co m e. R acia l a n d e th n ic m in orit y g ro u p s w it h lo w le v e ls o f e d uca tio n t e n d t o a ls o h av e r e la tiv e ly l o w i n co m es. T his c a n b e s e en i n T ab le 5 .2 . T ab le 5 .2 : I n co m e f o r w ork ers a ge 2 5 a n d o ve r b y r a ce a n d e th n ic it y C ate go ry M ed ia n u su al w eek ly e a rn in gs o f f u ll- t im e w age a n d s a la ry w ork ers f o r ir st q u arte r o f 2 015 T o ta l a v e ra g e $ 8 56.0 0 A sia n $ 9 99.0 0 W hit e $ 8 83.0 0 B la ck o r A fr ic a n A m eric a n $ 6 92.0 0 H is p an ic o r L atin o $ 6 16.0 0 S o u rc e : B LS, 2 015a. E duca tio n im pacts o n e’s c h an ce s o f g ettin g a g o od jo b th at p ay s w ell, b u t it a ls o a ffe cts th e li k eli h ood o f k eep in g a jo b o n ce h ir e d . D urin g th e G re a t R ece ssio n , e v e n th ou gh la y o ffs o ccu rre d a t a ll le v e ls o f e m plo ym en t, th ose w it h th e le a st a m ou n t o f e d uca tio n w ere m ore li k ely t o b e o u t o f t h e w ork fo rc e ( H ou te , 2 012). I t is im porta n t t o n ote t h at t h e lo n ger a p ers o n is w it h ou t a jo b , th e lo w er h is o r h er c h an ce o f b ein g re h ir e d . M ore o ve r, th e in co m e g a p b etw een th ose w it h c o lle g e d eg re es a n d t h ose w it h ou t g re w f o llo w in g t h e G re a t R ece ssio n ( S h ie rh olz , D av is , & K im ball, 2 014). E d uca tio n L eve l a n d P ove rty P ove rty , w hic h is d ein ed b y a c o n sis te n t la ck o f re so u rc e s to m eet b asic n eed s li k e sh elt e r, fo od , a n d clo th in g, is d ete rm in ed b y t h e e co n om ic h ea lt h o f t h e n atio n a n d t h e d is tr ib u tio n o f w ea lt h a n d in co m e. I n 2 012 t h e U .S . p ove rty r a te w as 1 5% ( U .S . C en su s B ure a u , 2 013b). T he p ove rty t h re sh old — th at is , t h e p oin t a t o r b elo w w hic h o n e is in p ove rty — f o r a n i n div id ual i n 2 012 w as $ 1 1,7 20, a n d f o r a f a m ily o f f o u r w as $ 2 3,2 83 ( U .S . C en su s B ure a u , 2 014a). T hose w ho liv e i n p ove rty h av e re str ic te d a cce ss to q u ali t y e d uca tio n , h ea lt h ca re , so cia l n etw ork s (th at is , em plo ye d fr ie n ds or a cq u ain ta n ce s w ho c a n h elp p eo p le th ey k n ow g et a jo b th ro u gh re fe rra ls o r c o n ta cts ), a n d e v e n fo od . In th e ir s t 6 m on th s o f 2 013, 1 in 5 tw o-p are n t h ou se h old s a n d a lm ost 1 in 3 s in gle -p are n t h ou se h old s s tr u ggle d to a ffo rd fo od ( S tu tz m an & M en des, 2 013). I n a d dit io n , p eo p le l iv in g i n p ove rty o ft e n l iv e f a r f r o m f u ll- s iz e g ro ce ry s to re s t h at s e ll f r e sh f o od l i k e f r u it s a n d v e g eta b le s ( R och e, 2 013). P oor c h ild re n a re le ss li k ely to b e r e a d to a t h om e, h av e le ss a cce ss to b ooks, a n d liv e in a re a s w it h in fe rio r s c h ools ( G re te s, 2 013; E qu it y a n d E xce lle n ce C om mis sio n , 2 013). O th er p re d ic to rs o f lo w e d uca tio n al a ch ie v e m en t in clu d e lo w er p are n ta l li t e ra cy le v e ls , p oore r h ea lt h , m ore ra cia l is o la tio n , le ss s ta b le h ou sin g, m ore e x p osu re to c rim e, a n d m ore e x p osu re to to xin s li k e le a d a n d c ig a re tte s m oke th at im pair c o gn it iv e a b ili t ie s (R oth ste in , 2 013). G iv e n th e fa ct th at e d uca tio n l e v e ls , e m plo ym en t, a n d i n co m e a re p osit iv e ly r e la te d , t h ese p re d ic to rs o f p oor e d uca tio n al o u tc o m es m ust b e c o n fr o n te d i f i n co m e i n eq u ali t y a n d t h e c y cle o f p ove rty a re t o b e r e v e rs e d . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 7 /4 2 © C orb is T he U nit e d S ta te s h as e n acte d v a rio u s l e gis la tio n l i m it in g a n d e x p an din g i m mig ra tio n . T his r a cis t p oli t ic a l c a rto on f r o m t h e 1 860s d em on str a te s p ubli c f e a rs t h at i m mig ra n ts ( p rim arily I r is h a n d C h in ese ) w ou ld t a k e o ve r t h e c o u n tr y. T he n atio n e n acte d t h e C h in ese E xclu sio n A ct j u st 2 d eca d es l a te r. 5 .3 I m mig ra n ts , W elf a re , a n d t h e W ork fo rc e A lt h ou gh s o cia l w elf a re s e rv ic e s, s u ch a s t h e S u p ple m en ta l N utr it io n A ssis ta n ce P ro gra m , o r S N AP ( fo rm erly k n ow n a s F o od S ta m ps), h elp m an y p eo p le in p ove rty , u n docu m en te d a n d e v e n m an y d ocu m en te d im mig ra n ts a re n ot e li g ib le fo r s u ch s e rv ic e s. I n t h is s e ctio n , w e d esc rib e t h e le v e l o f a cce ss im mig ra n ts h av e t o w elf a re p ro gra m s fo r u n em plo ye d a n d l o w -in co m e A m eric a n s a n d t h e t r e a tm en t o f i m mig ra n ts t h ro u gh ou t U .S . h is to ry . W elf a re R efo rm a n d B en eit s f o r I m mig ra n ts W elf a re r e fo rm l e g is la tio n p asse d in 1 996 d ete rm in ed e li g ib ili t y f o r m an y w elf a re b en eit s b y d is tin gu is h in g “ q u ali ie d ” i m mig ra n ts f r o m “ n ot q u ali ie d ” i m mig ra n ts . T he q u ali ie d i m mig ra n t c a te g o ry i n clu d es: l a w fu l p erm an en t r e sid en ts ( w it h g re en c a rd s); p ers o n s g ra n te d a sy lu m ; C uban a n d H ait ia n e n tr a n ts ; c e rta in a b u se d i m mig ra n ts , t h eir c h ild re n , a n d/o r t h eir p are n ts ; a n d s o m e v ic tim s o f h u m an t r a fic k in g. A ll o th er im mig ra n ts w ho a re n ot y e t c it iz e n s o r a re u n docu m en te d a re d eem ed “n ot q u ali ie d .” E ve n m ost q u ali ie d i m mig ra n ts w ho e n te re d th e U nit e d S ta te s a ft e r th e la w w as e n acte d o n A ugu st 2 2, 1 996, m ust w ait fo r 5 y e a rs a ft e r o b ta in in g “ q u ali ie d ” s ta tu s t o b eg in r e ce iv in g f e d era l b en eit s ( in clu d in g M ed ic a id , C hild re n ’s H ea lt h I n su ra n ce P ro gra m , T em pora ry A ssis ta n ce f o r N eed y F am ili e s, S N AP, a n d S o cia l S ecu rit y d is a b ili t y a n d r e tir e m en t b en eit s ), d esp it e p ay in g a p pli c a b le t a xe s ( B ro d er & B la ze r, 2 011). I m mig ra tio n P oli c y a n d W ork ers o f C o lo r O ve r th e h is to ry o f th e U nit e d S ta te s, p oli c ie s a n d a ttit u d es to w ard i m mig ra tio n h av e v a rie d , d ep en din g o n th e e co n om ic a n d p oli t ic a l c li m ate . I m mig ra tio n p oli c y h as b een u se d t o r e g u la te t h e n um ber a n d o rig in o f p eo p le e n te rin g th e U nit e d S ta te s, b ase d o n th e n eed fo r w ork ers to ill p artic u la r jo b s. U .S . h is to ry is m ark ed b y p erio d s o f o p en ness t o im mig ra n ts a n d a ls o e ra s o f e xclu sio n , a s is e v id en ce d b y t h e f o llo w in g l e g is la tio n : T he N atu ra li z a tio n A ct o f 1 790 m ad e b eco m in g a c it iz e n o f t h e n ew ly f o rm ed U nit e d S ta te s s im ple f o r E uro p ea n i m mig ra n ts ( m ain ly n orth ern E uro p ea n ). A f r e e W hit e p ers o n c o u ld a p ply f o r c it iz e n sh ip a ft e r 2 y e a rs o f r e sid en cy a s l o n g a s “ h e i s a p ers o n o f g o od c h ara cte r” ( L ib ra ry o f C on gre ss, 1 790, p . 1 03). T he r e q u ir e m en t o f b ein g a f r e e W hit e p ers o n w as n ot c h an ged u n til a ft e r t h e C iv il W ar, w hen t h e 1 4th A m en dm en t d ein ed a n y p ers o n b orn i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s a s a c it iz e n . T he N atu ra li z a tio n A ct o f 1 870 a llo w ed p eo p le b orn i n A fr ic a o r o f A fr ic a n d esc e n t t o b eco m e c it iz e n s b u t e xclu d ed i m mig ra n ts f r o m A sia a n d A m eric a n I n dia n s ( L ib ra ry o f C on gre ss, 1 870). A ll A m eric a n I n dia n s b orn i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s w ere g ra n te d c it iz e n sh ip i n 1 924. M an y C hin ese w ork ers i m mig ra te d t o t h e U nit e d S ta te s d urin g t h e C ali f o rn ia g o ld r u sh , a n d m ore f o llo w ed d urin g t h e c o n str u ctio n o f t h e t r a n sc o n tin en ta l r a ilr o ad . T he C h in ese E xclu sio n A ct o f 1 882 , w hic h w as e n acte d d urin g a r e ce ssio n , r e str ic te d a cce ss t o i m mig ra tio n f o r C hin ese c it iz e n s i n a n e ffo rt t o r e d uce t h e n um ber o f C hin ese w ork ers c o m petin g w it h W hit e s f o r j o b s ( Y in , 2 007). 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 8 /4 2 F o llo w in g e x te n siv e J a p an ese i m mig ra tio n t o H aw aii a n d t h e W est C oast, t h e G en tle m en ’s A gre em en t o f 1 907 r e str ic te d i m mig ra tio n f r o m J a p an , h alt in g a lm ost a ll i m mig ra tio n f r o m t h at c o u n tr y . A s p art o f t h e a g re em en t, J a p an c o n se n te d t o s to p i s su in g p assp orts t o J a p an ese c it iz e n s w ho s o u gh t t o l iv e a n d w ork i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s. I n t u rn , t h e U nit e d S ta te s a g re ed t o a cce p t t h e p re se n ce o f e x is tin g i m mig ra n ts a n d f a cili t a te t h e i m mig ra tio n o f t h eir f a m ily m em bers ( O kih ir o , 2 009). I n t h e l a te 1 800s a n d e a rly 1 900s, i m mig ra tio n f r o m e a ste rn a n d s o u th ern E uro p e i n cre a se d d ra m atic a lly . T hese i m mig ra n ts w ere p erc e iv e d b y m ost A nglo –W hit e A m eric a n s, w ho h ad c o m e t o t h e U nit e d S ta te s m uch e a rli e r, a s “ le ss t h an W hit e ” a n d w ere r e ga rd ed a s a t h re a t t o s o cie ty . T he I m mig ra tio n A ct o f 1 924 p la ce d a c e ili n g o n t h e n um ber o f p eo p le w ho e n te re d t h e U nit e d S ta te s f r o m a n y p artic u la r c o u n tr y o f n o m ore t h an 2 % o f t h ose l iv in g i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s a cco rd in g t o t h e 1 890 c e n su s ( U .S . C it iz e n sh ip a n d I m mig ra tio n S erv ic e s, 2 010). S in ce r e la tiv e ly f e w p eo p le f r o m e a ste rn a n d s o u th ern E uro p e h ad a rriv e d i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s b y 1 890, t h is e n su re d t h at v e ry f e w p eo p le f r o m t h ese a re a s w ou ld b e a llo w ed t o e m ig ra te a ft e r t h e p assa g e o f t h e a ct. I n a d dit io n , t h e l a w s tip ula te d t h at o n ly p eo p le w ho c o u ld m eet n atu ra li z a tio n c rit e ria w ou ld b e a llo w ed ( o n ly W hit e s, p eo p le o f A fr ic a n o rig in , a n d A m eric a n I n dia n s b orn i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s w ere a llo w ed t o b eco m e c it iz e n s), b an nin g a ll A sia n i m mig ra tio n . E xe cu tiv e O rd er 9 066, i s su ed b y P re sid en t F ra n kli n D . R oose v e lt i n 1 942, c re a te d m ili t a ry z o n es o n U .S . s o il i n w hic h m ore t h an 1 10,0 00 J a p an ese A m eric a n s w ere i n te rn ed . D urin g t h e s a m e p erio d , J a p an ese A m eric a n s s e rv in g i n t h e U .S . m ili t a ry w ere i m med ia te ly d is c h arg ed o r c la ssi ie d a s p ote n tia l e n em ie s, a n d a ll J a p an ese p eo p le , r e ga rd le ss o f c it iz e n sh ip , w ere r e q u ir e d t o r e g is te r w it h t h e g o ve rn m en t ( D an ie ls , 1 993). B eca u se o f t h e l a b or s h orta g e d urin g W orld W ar I I, t h e b ra ce ro p ro gra m i m porte d m an ual l a b or w ork ers ( b ra ce ro s) f r o m M ex ic o i n t h e 1 940s ( Z olb erg , 2 007). D urin g t h e G re a t D ep re ssio n , t h e U .S . g o ve rn m en t h ad d ep orte d m ore t h an 5 00,0 00 M ex ic a n w ork ers , t o p ro te ct t h e f e w j o b s t h at e x is te d f o r A m eric a n w ork ers . T he b ra ce ro p ro gra m r e v e rs e d t h at p oli c y, u n der s p eci ic c o n dit io n s. R en ew ed e v e ry 2 y e a rs , t h e p ro gra m c o n tin ued u n til 1 964, w hen l a b or u n io n s a n d h u m an r ig h ts a d vo ca te s p ers u ad ed C on gre ss t o e li m in ate i t . T he I m mig ra tio n a n d N atio n ali t y A ct o f 1 965 , p asse d a t t h e p ea k o f t h e c iv il r ig h ts m ove m en t, r e p ea le d i m mig ra tio n e xclu sio n s b ase d o n c o u n tr y o f o rig in a n d i n ste a d g av e p re fe re n ce t o r e u n it in g f a m ili e s a n d b rin gin g i n s k ille d l a b or. T hese n ew p oli c ie s l e d t o a l a rg e i n lu x o f A sia n a n d H is p an ic i m mig ra n ts . T hese l a w s a n d m an y o th ers p asse d d urin g t w o a n d a h alf c e n tu rie s o f U .S . h is to ry r e le ct t h e p ush a n d p ull f a cto rs o f t h e e co n om y a n d w artim e. R efu gees s e ek a s a fe p la ce t o l iv e w hen t h eir n ativ e c o u n tr y b eco m es u n sa fe ( a p ush f a cto r). M an y o th ers a rriv e in se a rc h o f b ette r e co n om ic o p portu n it ie s o r e m plo ym en t (p ull) , in so m e ca se s b eca u se th eir ow n c o u n tr y ’s e co n om y i s f a lt e rin g ( p ush ), a n d a n um ber j o in s p ou se s a n d c h ild re n w ho h av e a lr e a d y i m mig ra te d ( p ull) . T he r e la tio n sh ip b etw een im mig ra tio n p oli c y a n d t h e U .S . jo b m ark ets is s tr o n g a n d c o m ple x , c o n tr o lli n g t h e n um ber o f a v a ila b le w ork ers b y e it h er b rin gin g in n ew jo b s e ek ers o r b y k eep in g th em o u t. R ace -b ase d th eo ris ts a ls o n ote th at i m mig ra tio n la w s c a n b e u se d to s h ap e n atio n al id en tit y b y re str ic tin g th e a rriv a l o f p eo p le o f d if fe re n t n atio n ali t ie s b ase d o n t h e p erc e p tio n o f t h ose i n p ow er o f w hat A m eric a s h ou ld l o ok l i k e ( A lb a & N ee, 2 003). 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 9 /4 2 i m tm ph oto /iS to ck /T hin ksto ck E ve n s e em in gly p osit iv e s te re o ty p es— su ch a s t h at a ll A sia n s a re g o od a t a n d e n jo y m ath — ca n h ave n ega tiv e c o n se q u en ce s f o r t h e s te re o ty p ed i n div id ual. 5 .4 S te re o ty p es a n d D is c rim in atio n A ga in st I m mig ra n t G ro u ps A s d is c u sse d in t h e p re v io u s s e ctio n , U .S . im mig ra tio n p oli c ie s r e v e a l a h is to ry o f d is c rim in atio n a ga in st p eo p le o f c o lo r. D is c rim in atio n a ga in st i m mig ra n t g ro u p s a n d c it iz e n s o f c o lo r p ers is ts t o d ay. S te re o ty p in g le a d s t o p re ssu re t o c lo se t h e b ord ers (o u t o f fe a r th at im mig ra n ts w ill ta k e jo b s) a n d p re v e n ts m an y w ork ers o f co lo r fr o m a tta in in g le a d ers h ip p osit io n s ( d ue t o a ssu m ptio n s a b ou t a g ro u p’s p artic u la r s tr e n gth s a n d w ea k n esse s). W e n ow c o n sid er e xa m ple s o f t h is c u rre n t fo rm o f d is c rim in atio n a s w e d is c u ss th e w ork p la ce ’s fa ste st g ro w in g ra cia l a n d e th n ic d em ogra p hic g ro u p s: A sia n a n d H is p an ic A m eric a n s. A sia n A m eric a n s S o m e s te re o ty p es a b ou t A sia n A m eric a n s s te m f r o m a g en era l p erc e p tio n o f t h is g ro u p a s t h e “ m od el m in orit y ,” b eca u se o f t h eir o ve ra ll e d uca tio n al a ch ie v e m en t a n d in an cia l s u cce ss r e la tiv e t o W hit e A m eric a n s. T he m od el m in orit y v ie w o f A sia n A m eric a n s, p artic u la rly th ose o f C hin ese , Ja p an ese , In dia n , K ore a n , a n d F ili p in o d esc e n t, c a n le a d to s te re o ty p es t h at c re a te p ro b le m s i n t h e w ork p la ce . I n t h e 2 004 c o m ed y H aro ld & K um ar G o t o W hit e C a stle , y o u n g K ore a n A m eric a n i n ve stm en t b an k e m plo ye e H aro ld is c o rn ere d b y h is m an ag er a n d a n a sso cia te ( b oth W hit e y o u n g a d ult s ) l a te i n t h e d ay o n a F rid ay. B urie d in w ork , b u t e a g er t o “ g et h is d rin k o n ,” t h e m an ag er d ele ga te s a n im porta n t a ssig n m en t t o H aro ld , w ho n ow fa ce s a lo n g w eek en d o f in an cia l ca lc u la tio n s. A s th ey le av e th e b an k’s h ea d qu arte rs , t h e a sso cia te s a y s t o t h e m an ag er, “ I’m t e lli n g y o u , t h ose A sia n g u ys l o ve c ru n ch in g n um bers . Y o u p ro b ab ly ju st m ad e h is w eek en d!” ( K ah an e, S h ap ir o , & L ein er, 2 004). O th er ste re o ty p es o f A sia n s in clu d e “A sia n s a ll lo ok a li k e,” “A sia n s a re b ad a t s p orts ,” “A sia n s h av e s tr ic t p are n ts ,” a n d “A ll A sia n s a re e n gin eers a n d d octo rs .” A lt h ou gh s o m e o f th ese s te re o ty p es c o u ld b e s e en a s p osit iv e ( b ein g ta le n te d a t m ath , f o r e xa m ple ), n ot a ll A sia n s t a k e p rid e in t h e m od el m in orit y la b el, b eca u se i t ca n b e u se d to ju stif y th e e xclu sio n o f A sia n s in th e d is tr ib u tio n of so cia l a ssis ta n ce p ro gra m s a n d t o u n ders ta te o r s li g h t t h e a ch ie v e m en ts o f A m eric a n s o f A sia n d esc e n t. F u rth er, t h e n otio n o f a m od el m in orit y p it s m in orit y g ro u p s a ga in st e a ch o th er b y s u ggestin g t h at o th er m in orit y g ro u p s a re a t f a u lt f o r n ot m ea su rin g u p t o t h e m od el m in orit y ’s a ch ie v e m en ts ( O sa ji m a, 2 005). D is c rim in atio n aga in st w ork ers of A sia n desc e n t, fu ele d by ste re o ty p es, has c o n tr ib u te d t o A sia n a ch ie v e m en t in th e w ork p la ce n ot k eep in g p ace w it h A sia n e d uca tio n al ach ie v e m en ts . H ig h p erc e n ta g es of A sia n A m eric a n s atte n d eli t e c o lle g es a n d m ak e u p s ig n i ic a n t p ro p ortio n s o f th e s tu d en t b od y a t Iv y L ea g u e i n stit u tio n s ( 1 5% to 2 5% ), S ta n fo rd ( 2 4% ), a n d B erk ele y ( 4 6% ). A cco rd in g to a s tu dy b y th e C en te r fo r W ork -L if e P oli c y, h ow ev e r, A sia n s a re m ore li k ely to fe el “ s ta lle d ” in th eir jo b s ( 6 3% ) th an a n y o th er g ro u p , in clu d in g A fr ic a n A m eric a n s (4 6% ), H is p an ic s (5 1% ), a n d W hit e s ( 4 8% ). A sia n s a re a ls o fa r m ore li k ely to fe el th ey fa ce w ork p la ce d is c rim in atio n b eca u se o f r a ce ( 2 8% ), c o m pare d to A fr ic a n A m eric a n (8 % ), H is p an ic s (9 % ), a n d W hit e s (4 % ). F ar fe w er A sia n s a ls o sa y th ey fe el co m fo rta b le “b ein g t h em se lv e s” a t w ork , c o m pare d t o o th er g ro u p s ( W eis u l, 2 011). A “ b am boo c e ili n g” p re v e n tin g t h e a d va n ce m en t o f A sia n A m eric a n w ork ers h as c re a te d g ro w in g t e n sio n in t h e c o rp ora te o fic e (H ew le tt & R ash id , 2 011). A sia n w ork ers are ste re o ty p ed as sm art assis ta n ts (fo r exa m ple , en gin eers an d a cco u n ta n ts ) r a th er t h an l e a d ers ( S y e t a l., 2 010). G eo rg e T ak ei, t h e a cto r m ost f a m ou s f o r h is r o le a s L ie u te n an t S u lu o n t h e S ta r T re k t e le v is io n s e rie s ( a n d la te r m ovie s), n ote s in t h e d ocu m en ta ry T o B e T a kei t h e im pact o f t h is s te re o ty p e o n A sia n s ( K ro ot, T ir u ch elv a m , K im , & K ro ot, 2 014). T ak ei w as t h rille d w hen , i n t h e 1 991 ilm S ta r T re k V I: T he U ndis c o ve re d C ou ntr y , h is c h ara cte r a p pea re d a s t h e c a p ta in o f h is o w n s ta rs h ip ; it w as g ro u n dbre a k in g t o h av e a n A sia n c h ara cte r in s u ch a l e a d ers h ip p osit io n . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 0/4 2 A P P hoto /T usc a lo osa N ew s/ R ob ert S u tto n D esp it e p ro te ste rs’ o p posit io n , A la b am a’s c o n tr o ve rsia l a n ti- I t r e m ain s r a re t o s e e A sia n A m eric a n s i n p osit io n s o f p ow er i n t h e w ork p la ce . A s o f 2 014, ju st 9 ( 1 .8 % ) C E O s o f F o rtu n e 5 00 c o m pan ie s a re o f A sia n d esc e n t ( C ove rt, 2 014). T his is d esp it e t h e f a ct t h at A sia n A m eric a n s m ak e u p a li t tle m ore t h an 5 % o f th e o ve ra ll p op ula tio n a n d, a s d is c u sse d e a rli e r in th e c h ap te r, h av e m uch h ig h er e d uca tio n le v e ls th an a ll o th er r a cia l g ro u p s i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s. H is p an ic a n d L atin o A m eric a n s N eit h er A sia n A m eric a n s n or H is p an ic A m eric a n s a re h om oge n eo u s g ro u p s, o r p op ula tio n s th at s h are m an y c o m mon c h ara cte ris tic s. U nder th e u m bre lla te rm A sia n A m eric a n a re m an y d is tin ct c u lt u ra l g ro u p s, in clu d in g K ore a n , F ili p in o, a n d C hin ese A m eric a n s. H is p an ic A m eric a n s a re a ls o h ete ro ge n eo u s , m ea n in g fr o m d iv e rs e p op ula tio n s. T he te rm H is p an ic r e fe rs t o p eo p le w hose l i n ea g e i n clu d es c o u n tr ie s t h at w ere f o rm erly p art o f t h e S p an is h E m pir e ( S p ain , M ex ic o , C uba, P uerto R ic o , C en tr a l A m eric a n n atio n s, a n d S p an is h -s p ea k in g c o u n tr ie s in S o u th A m eric a ) a n d th ere fo re s p ea k S p an is h . ( L a tin o is a t e rm w it h a w id er u m bre lla a n d a ls o in clu d es p eo p le f r o m n on –Sp an is h s p ea k in g n atio n s in S o u th A m eric a ). T he i m mig ra tio n e x p erie n ce o f H is p an ic s v a rie s g re a tly , d ep en din g o n t h eir n atio n o f o rig in . F o r e xa m ple , a t t h e e n d o f t h e M ex ic a n W ar i n 1 848, t h e U nit e d S ta te s t o ok p osse ssio n o f a s u bsta n tia l p ortio n o f M ex ic o ( C atta n , 1 993). M an y r e sid en ts o f t h e n ew U .S . t e rrit o ry w ere w ea lt h y l a n dow ners w it h s u cce ssfu l f a rm s a n d r a n ch es. R ath er t h an a b an don h om es, f a rm s, a n d b u sin esse s th at h ad b een in th eir fa m ili e s fo r g en era tio n s, a p pro xim ate ly 1 00,0 00 M ex ic a n s re li n qu is h ed th eir M ex ic a n c it iz e n sh ip f o r U .S . c it iz e n sh ip ( C atta n , 1 993). M ore r e ce n tly , M ex ic a n i m mig ra n ts h av e e n te re d t h e U nit e d S ta te s s e ek in g e co n om ic o p portu n it y . T o d ay, s li g h tly m ore t h an o n e t h ir d ( 3 5% ) o f M ex ic a n s in t h e U nit e d S ta te s w ere b orn in M ex ic o ( G on za le z-B arre ra & L op ez, 2 013). C uban im mig ra n ts , o n th e o th er h an d, c a m e to th e U nit e d S ta te s m ostly a s p oli t ic a l re fu gees, le ein g th e c o m mun is t r e g im e o f F id el C astr o b eg in nin g i n 1 959. S ettli n g p rim arily in M ia m i, o n ly 9 0 m ile s f r o m t h e is la n d o f C uba, m an y in it ia l i m mig ra n ts b ro u gh t w ea lt h th ey h ad a ccu m ula te d in C uba a n d w ere g iv e n su p port b y th e U .S . g o ve rn m en t, w hic h c o n sid ere d th em re fu gees. L ate r C uban im mig ra n ts , in clu d in g co m mon crim in als re le a se d fr o m p ris o n alo n g w it h p oli t ic a l p ris o n ers a n d p eo p le l iv in g i n p ove rty , h ow ev e r, h ad f e w r e so u rc e s a n d s o u gh t m an ual l a b or p osit io n s. D urin g t h e ir s t d eca d e o f t h e 2 1st c e n tu ry , im mig ra n ts f r o m M ex ic o a n d C en tr a l A m eric a b ega n t o s e ttle in a re a s o f th e n atio n o n ce p rim arily r u ra l ( a n d W hit e ). F arm ers , m ea tp ack in g b u sin esse s, a n d c o n str u ctio n c o m pan ie s s o u gh t c h ea p l a b or, a n d t h e i m mig ra n ts m ove d a lo n g w it h t h e a v a ila b le j o b s. F o r e xa m ple , f r o m 2 000 t o 2 010 t h e e stim ate d n um ber o f u n docu m en te d i m mig ra n ts i n A lb ertv ille , A la b am a, s o are d f r o m 2 5,0 00 t o 1 20,0 00, a s im mig ra n ts f r o m C en tr a l A m eric a a n d M ex ic o s o u gh t a n d o b ta in ed l o w -w ag e j o b s i n a g ric u lt u re , m ea tp ack in g, a n d c o n str u ctio n ( S arli n , 2 013). M an y lo n gtim e r e sid en ts d id n ot a d ju st w ell t o t h e in lu x o f H is p an ic s a n d s o u gh t w ay s t o f o rc e t h eir n ew n eig h bors t o m ove a w ay. T hey t u rn ed t o s ta te la w m ak ers , w ho d ev e lo p ed le g is la tio n to e x p ose u n docu m en te d im mig ra n ts o r m ak e th eir l iv e s s o m is e ra b le t h at t h ey w ou ld “ s e lf – d ep ort” o f t h eir o w n a cco rd ( S arli n , 2 013). T w o o f t h e a n ti- im mig ra tio n l a w s t h at g en era te d m uch d eb ate w ere S ta te B ill ( S B ) 1 070 in A riz o n a a n d H ou se B ill ( H B) 5 6 in A la b am a. D esig n ed to g iv e lo ca l la w e n fo rc e m en t m ore a u th orit y to d eta in a n d p ro ce ss u n docu m en te d im mig ra n ts , t h ese la w s r e q u ir e d a ll n on cit iz e n s t o c a rry p ro of o f le ga l s ta tu s in t h ese s ta te s a t a ll t im es. P oli c e o fic e rs w ere r e q u ir e d t o o b ta in p ro of o f c it iz e n sh ip f r o m a n yo n e d eta in ed , arre ste d , or la w fu lly sto p ped whom th ey su sp ecte d of bein g u n docu m en te d . U nio n s a n d o th er a d vo ca cy g ro u p s f o r w ork ers a rg u ed th at th ese l a w s cre a te d a cli m ate o f fe a r am on g u n docu m en te d w ork ers , im ped ed th eir c h an ce s t o o rg a n iz e a n d f o rm u n io n s, a n d m ad e t h em f e a r p ossib le r e p erc u ssio n s i f th ey re p orte d d is c rim in atio n in th e w ork p la ce , su ch as w ag e th eft , la ck of o ve rtim e p ay, u n sa fe w ork c o n dit io n s, a n d s o o n ( S co tt , 2 012). T he A riz o n a a n d A la b am a la w s a ls o re q u ir e d s c h ool o fic ia ls , m ed ic a l s ta ff, a n d o th er p ubli c e m plo ye es t o a ssis t i n e n fo rc e m en t b y r e q u estin g p ro of o f c it iz e n sh ip o r im mig ra tio n s ta tu s, d en yin g s e rv ic e s t o u n docu m en te d p ers o n s, a n d r e p ortin g u n docu m en te d m ig ra n ts to la w e n fo rc e m en t a g en cie s. T he U .S . S u p re m e C ou rt s tr u ck d ow n t h ese p arts o f t h e l a w s a s u n co n stit u tio n al. T he c o u rt r u le d t h at t h ese 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1,n … 1 1 /4 2 i m mig ra n t l e gis la tio n , H B 5 6, w en t i n to e ffe ct i n 2 011. p arts o f th e s ta te s’ la w s u n derm in ed f e d era l im mig ra tio n la w a n d v io la te d th e r ig h ts o f im mig ra n ts . T he la w s a ls o m an date d th at a ll e m plo ye rs u se E -V erif y , a w ork -e li g ib ili t y s y ste m d ev e lo p ed b y t h e U .S . D ep artm en t o f H om ela n d S ecu rit y . E – V erif y , w hic h h as b een c rit ic iz e d b y h u m an r ig h ts a n d i m mig ra tio n a d vo ca te s f o r b ein g i n accu ra te a n d in va siv e ( A m eric a n C iv il L ib ertie s U nio n , 2 015b), is n ot f e d era lly m an date d . M ost s ta te s d ecli n e t o r e q u ir e e m plo ye rs t o u se it , s in ce it u se s f a cia l r e co gn it io n t o i d en tif y p eo p le , t h e w ea k est f o rm o f b io m etr ic i d en ti ic a tio n ( H eld erm an , 2 013). P ro p on en ts of an ti- im mig ra n t le g is la tio n arg u e th at in cre a se d en fo rc e m en t is nece ssa ry to ste m un docu m en te d i m mig ra tio n ( S ek u lo w , 2 012). H ow ev e r, c rit ic s b eli e v e t h ese l a w s a re u n co n stit u tio n al a n d r a cis t a n d v io la te b asic h u m an r ig h ts . A riz o n a’s S B 1 070, fo r in sta n ce , s p ark ed a n atio n w id e d eb ate o ve r th e p ra ctic e o f p ubli c p oli c in g b ase d o n a p ers o n’s a p pea ra n ce , k n ow n a s r a cia l p ro ili n g . H ig h -p ro ile p ubli c ig u re s, i n clu d in g e n te rta in ers a n d a th le te s, c a lle d f o r a n e co n om ic b oyco tt o f A riz o n a, a sk in g t o u ris ts t o a v o id t h e s ta te , c o n fe re n ce s t o r e lo ca te t o o th er s ta te s, a n d c o n su m ers t o r e fr a in f r o m p urc h asin g p ro d ucts p ro d uce d in A riz o n a ( R eu te rs , 2 010). A sid e f r o m t h e e co n om ic i m pact c a u se d b y p ro te sto rs , la w s s u ch a s t h ese in vit e o th er p ro b le m s i n t h e w ork p la ce , s u ch a s d is tr a cte d w ork ers e n ga g in g in p oli t ic a l d eb ate , lo st r e v e n ue f r o m p eo p le c h oosin g t o liv e a n d w ork e ls e w here , a n d i n cre a se d l a b or c o sts r e su lt in g f r o m a s h rin kin g w ork fo rc e ( S u lliv a n , 2 010). F arm ers , w ho r e ly o n m ig ra n t l a b or t o b rin g c ro p s i n f r o m t h eir ie ld s, w ere o u ts p oken a ga in st t h e la w s. F o r e xa m ple , t h e s p okesp ers o n f o r t h e A la b am a F arm ers F ed era tio n d ecla re d t h at f a rm ers a re l a w -a b id in g c it iz e n s. T hey w an t t o d o w hat i s r ig h t. B ut t h ey a re c o n ce rn ed , o n e, t h at e v e n t h e w ork ers w ho a re h ere l e ga lly w ou ld le e t h e s ta te o u t o f c o n ce rn f o r w hat t h e l a w m ea n s. A nd, t w o, f a rm ers [ w an t a ssu ra n ce ] t h at i f t h ey f o llo w t h e l a w , b u t t h ere ’s s o m e b re a k d ow n i n t h e s y ste m , t h at t h ey w on’t s u ffe r c rim in al r e p erc u ssio n s.… W e b eli e v e t h ese i s su es a re b ette r h an dle d a t t h e f e d era l l e v e l. ( a s c it e d i n G ra y, 2 011, p ara s. 1 0–1 1) A riz o n a S B 1 070, s ig n ed b y G ove rn or Ja n B re w er o n A pril 2 3, 2 010, lo st s o m e o f it s h ars h est c o m pon en ts a ft e r b ein g c h alle n ged i n t h e U .S . S u p re m e C ou rt. A la b am a’s H B 5 6 w en t i n to e ffe ct o n S ep te m ber 1 , 2 011. I n a d dit io n t o la w s s u ch a s A riz o n a S B 1 070 a n d A la b am a H B 5 6, u n docu m en te d im mig ra n t w ork ers fa ce m an y o th er c h alle n ges in th e w ork p la ce . B eca u se w ork ers are oft e n not on ofic ia l pay ro lls , th ey do not re ce iv e dis a b ili t y , u n em plo ym en t, a n d h ea lt h c a re in su ra n ce . M an y a re e m plo ye d in s w ea ts h op s, w here t h ey w ork w it h ou t b re a k s a n d a re a sk ed t o t a k e o n d an gero u s t a sk s w it h ou t a d eq u ate s a fe ty e q u ip m en t ( K org en & G alla gh er, 2 012). A s in t h e c a se o f w ag e t h eft d is c u sse d i n C hap te r 4 , w ork ers w it h ou t d ocu m en ta tio n t e n d t o s ta y i n t h e s h ad ow s, n ot r e p ortin g a b u se s f o r f e a r o f d ep orta tio n . S te re o ty p es a ls o im pact th e e x p erie n ce s o f b oth ir s t-g en era tio n a n d U .S .- b orn H is p an ic s a n d L atin os. T hese in clu d e a v ie w o f L atin os a s d ru g d ea le rs , g re a t lo ve rs , lo u d , a lw ay s M ex ic a n , p oor, a n d h av in g la rg e fa m ili e s. N ot a ll o f th ese s te re o ty p es a re n ega tiv e , b u t e v e n p osit iv e p re ju d ic e s c a n h av e n ega tiv e c o n se q u en ce s i n t h e w ork p la ce . I n re ce n t y e a rs , a s H is p an ic im mig ra n ts h av e fa ce d d is c rim in atio n in th e U nit e d S ta te s, th e M ex ic a n e co n om y h as i m pro ve d a n d b eg u n t o o ffe r m ore e m plo ym en t o p portu n it ie s. T he r e su lt o f t h ese s o cia l a n d e co n om ic f o rc e s is a c h an ge i n th e lo w o f im mig ra n ts b etw een M ex ic o a n d th e U nit e d S ta te s. In 2 012, re v e rs in g th e lo n g-s ta n din g tr e n d, m ore M ex ic a n s m ove d fr o m th e U nit e d S ta te s b ack to M ex ic o th an m ove d fr o m M ex ic o to th e U nit e d S ta te s. A m on g n ew A m eric a n im mig ra n ts , A sia n s o u tn um bere d H is p an ic s ( P asse l, C oh n , & G on za le z-B arre ra , 2 012; P ew R ese a rc h C en te r, 2 012). 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 2/4 2 A P P hoto /L en ny I g n elz i U .S . I m mig ra tio n a n d C u sto m s E n fo rc e m en t r a id s h ave b een c rit ic iz e d b eca u se t h ey r e su lt i n t h e a rre st a n d d ep orta tio n o f s o m e 5 .5 E m plo ym en t T re n ds A m on g I m mig ra n ts E duca tio n le v e ls v a ry w id ely a m on g n ew im mig ra n ts t o t h e U nit e d S ta te s. S o m e im mig ra n ts fr o m S o u th ea st A sia a rriv e w it h li t tle m on ey o r e d uca tio n a n d u lt im ate ly w ork fo r v e ry li t tle m on ey. O th er A sia n im mig ra n ts to th e U nit e d S ta te s, h ow ev e r, a rriv e w it h e d uca tio n , s k ills , a n d r e so u rc e s th at a llo w th em to in d h ig h -p ay in g e m plo ym en t. C om pare d w it h A sia n im mig ra n ts , r e la tiv e ly f e w H is p an ic im mig ra n ts c o m e w it h a c o lle g e e d uca tio n . F o r e xa m ple , a m on g fo re ig n -b orn w ork ers i n 2 012, 4 4% o f H is p an ic s h ad l e ss t h an a h ig h s c h ool d ip lo m a, a n d o n ly 1 3% h ad a c o lle g e d eg re e. O n t h e o th er h an d, 5 8% o f A sia n fo re ig n -b orn w ork ers w ere co lle g e g ra d uate s (M osis a , 2 013). O ne re su lt o f th e d if fe re n ce s in r e so u rc e s a m on g im mig ra n t g ro u p s is a c o n tr a st in b oth th e ty p es o f jo b s th ey o b ta in in th e U nit e d S ta te s a n d th eir s o cio eco n om ic s ta tu s. T his c a n b e s e en q u an tit a tiv e ly in te rm s o f in co m e, w it h fo re ig n -b orn A sia n w ork ers e a rn in g a lm ost d ou ble w hat H is p an ic f o re ig n -b orn w ork ers m ak e p er w eek ( M osis a , 2 013). T ab le 5 .3 s h ow s t h e p erc e n ta g e o f f o re ig n – a n d n ativ e -b orn w ork ers in v a rio u s o ccu p atio n s. A lt h ou gh im mig ra tio n fr o m M ex ic o h as slo w ed in re ce n t y e a rs , th ere a re still m ore H is p an ic th an A sia n im mig ra n ts in th e w ork fo rc e (4 7.8 % c o m pare d t o 2 4.3 % o f im mig ra n ts in 2 013) ( B LS, 2 014a). T he c lu ste rin g o f fo re ig n -b orn w ork ers in to lo w -le v e l s e rv ic e o ccu p atio n s (fo r e xa m ple , tw ic e a s m an y fo re ig n – a s n ativ e -b orn w ork ers w ere e m plo ye d in b u ild in g a n d g ro u n ds c le a n in g a n d m ain te n an ce o ccu p atio n s) h elp s e x p la in w hy t h eir m ed ia n w eek ly e a rn in gs a re le ss t h an t h at o f n ativ e -b orn w ork ers ( $ 6 43.0 0 t o $ 8 05.0 0). T ab le 5 .3 : O cc u patio n s o f n ativ e – a n d f o re ig n -b orn w ork ers T yp e o f W ork er S e rv ic e o cc u patio n s P ro d uctio n , t r a n sp orta tio n , m ate ria l m ovin g C o n str u ctio n , n atu ra l r e so u rc e s, m ain te n an ce M an age m en t, p ro fe ssio n al S a le s, o fic e o cc u patio n s N ativ e – b orn w ork ers 1 6.7 % 1 1.1 % 8 .3 % 3 9.5 % 2 4.4 % F o re ig n – b orn w ork ers 2 4.8 % 1 5.4 % 1 2.9 % 3 0.5 % 1 6.5 % S o u rc e : B LS, 2 014e. A s n ote d i n C hap te r 3 , t h e o u ts o u rc in g o f U .S . j o b s t o i n ex p en siv e o ve rs e a s f a cili t ie s, t h e d ecli n e o f u n io n s, a u to m atio n a n d o th er te ch n olo gic a l a d va n ce s, a n d g lo b ali z a tio n h av e p ola riz e d th e d om estic la b or m ark et. In th e U nit e d S ta te s to d ay, m ost jo b s c a n b e f o u n d in e it h er h ig h -p aid , h ig h ly s k ille d p ro fe ssio n s o r in lo w -p aid , u n sk ille d p osit io n s. T his d is p arit y h as c a u se d m an y to a ssu m e th at th e a rriv a l o f im mig ra n t w ork ers h as re d uce d o p portu n it ie s a v a ila b le to b lu e-c o lla r w ork ers , a s w ell a s t h eir w ag es. T his b eli e f w as a c o n tr ib u tin g f a cto r in t h e p assa g e o f t h e 1 986 I m mig ra tio n R efo rm a n d C on tr o l A ct. T his a ct m ad e i t a c rim e f o r a n e m plo ye r t o i n te n tio n ally h ir e a n d e m plo y a n u n docu m en te d i m mig ra n t. D if fe re n t p re sid en tia l a d m in is tr a tio n s h av e u se d d if fe re n t m ea n s to a d dre ss th e use of un docu m en te d im mig ra n ts in th e w ork p la ce . D urin g th e G eo rg e W . B ush ad m in is tr a tio n , U .S . Im mig ra tio n an d C usto m s E nfo rc e m en t a g en ts s to rm ed v a rio u s p la n ts , s u ch a s, in 2 006, m ea t-p ro ce ssin g s it e s i n s ix s ta te s o w ned b y S w if t & C o. a n d, in 2 007, a S m it h ie ld F o od s p ork -p ro ce ssin g p la n t in N orth C aro li n a (P ark s, 2 014). T hese r a id s r e su lt e d in a rre sts a n d r e m ova ls ( d ep orta tio n s) o f u n docu m en te d w ork ers . T he O bam a ad m in is tr a tio n h as em plo ye d “ s ile n t ra id s,” w hic h in vo lv e s i n sp ectin g co m pan ie s’ I- 9 re co rd s, o r g o ve rn m en t f o rm s u se d b y e m plo ye rs t o v e rif y a n e m plo ye e’s id en tit y a n d e li g ib ili t y fo r e m plo ym en t in th e U nit e d S ta te s (P ark s, 2 014). T hese s ile n t r a id s h av e a ls o l e d t o a rre sts a n d r e m ova ls . I n r e sp on se to g o ve rn m en t r e m ova l e ffo rts , s o m e u n io n s h av e ta k en s te p s to p ro te ct u n docu m en te d w ork ers . Fo r exa m ple , U nit e H ere u n io n lo ca ls in C hic a g o a n d th ro u gh ou t Illi n ois , w ho r e p re se n t m an y 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 3/4 2 w ork ers, a n d t h ey s e p ara te f a m ili e s. H ere , I m mig ra tio n a n d C u sto m s a ge n ts d eta in r e sta u ra n t e m plo ye es s u sp ecte d o f b ein g u n docu m en te d i m mig ra n ts . l o w -w ag e h ote l, f o od s e rv ic e , a n d in dustr ia l la u n dry w ork ers , in clu d e i n th eir co n tr a cts sp ecia l p ro vis io n s re la tin g to th e tr e a tm en t of u n docu m en te d w ork ers . F o r e xa m ple , s o m e s u ch p ro vis io n s in dic a te t h at e m plo ye rs w ill d o o n ly w hat f e d era l l a w r e q u ir e s t h em t o d o ( a n d n o m ore ) to e n fo rc e im mig ra tio n la w s a n d th at th ey w ill c a rry o u t t h ose e ffo rts in a s lo w , d eli b era te m an ner ( th at is , g iv in g w ork ers e n ou gh tim e to p re p are th em se lv e s). S o m e c o n tr a cts s ta te t h at t h e e m plo ye r w ill n ot u se E -V erif y t o s c re en w ork ers , w ill o n ly a llo w f e d era l o fic e rs w it h a w arra n t t o e n te r t h e p re m is e s, w ill w ait 3 d ay s a ft e r r e ce iv in g w rit te n n otic e b y t h e g o ve rn m en t t o a llo w in sp ectio n o f I – 9 f o rm s, a n d w ill le t t h e u n io n k n ow w hen g o ve rn m en t o fic ia ls co n ta ct th em a b ou t a n im mig ra tio n re la te d is su e (P ark s, 2 014). T hese c o n tr a ct p ro vis io n s a llo w u n docu m en te d w ork ers s o m e d eg re e o f p ro te ctio n w hen a t w ork . U ndocu m en te d w ork ers , h ow ev e r, s till f a ce m an y d if ic u lt ie s o b ta in in g w ork a n d r e ce iv in g a f a ir w ag e. T hey a re n ot th e o n ly g ro u p o f w ork ers w ho fa ce d is c rim in atio n in th e la b or m ark et. C it iz e n s w it h a c rim in al re co rd a ls o fa ce m an y o b sta cle s w hen s e ek in g e m plo ym en t. M an y fo rm er in m ate s r e p ort r e p ea te d d is c rim in atio n a s th ey tr y to re en te r th e w ork fo rc e . S o m e, d is c o u ra g ed , r e tu rn t o c rim e. A s ta g gerin g n um ber o f A m eric a n s— 65 m illi o n — hav e c rim in al r e co rd s, w hic h i n clu d e b oth a rre sts a n d c o n vic tio n s. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 4/4 2 E x c o n vic ts a re o ft e n d is c rim in ate d a ga in st i n t h e j o b m ark etp la ce . P la ce s l i k e C hic a g o ‘s S afe r F o u n datio n w ork t o h elp e x c o n vic ts in d j o b s. U nem plo ym en t o f E x C o n vic ts U nem plo ym en t o f E x C onvic ts F ro m T it le : M any L eft U nco unte d in O ffic ia l J o ble ss R ate ( h ttp s://fo d.in fo base .c o m /P orta lP la ylis ts .a sp x? w ID =100753& xtid = 53379) 5 .6 N ega tiv e S te re o ty p es a n d T w o D is tin ct G ro u ps o f W ork ers: E x-P ris o n ers a n d V ete ra n s E x-c o n vic ts an d ve te ra n s are tw o dis tin ct gro u p s of w ork ers w ho fa ce nega tiv e ste re o ty p es an d su bse q u en t d is c rim in atio n in th e w ork p la ce . W e ir s t e xa m in e th e s it u atio n o f e x-c o n vic ts a n d th en d is c u ss th e c h alle n ges fa cin g v e te ra n s. E x-C o n vic ts i n t h e W ork p la ce I n th e U nit e d S ta te s to d ay, a b ou t 1 in 3 re sid en ts h av e a c rim in al re co rd , a n d 1 in 4 h av e a c rim in al re co rd th at a n e m plo ye r w ou ld in d w it h a ro u tin e c h eck (N atio n al E m plo ym en t L aw P ro je ct [N ELP ], 2 013). C rim in al re co rd s a re p artic u la rly p re v a le n t a m on g m en a n d m en o f c o lo r. B y a g e 2 3, 4 9% o f B la ck m ale s, 4 4% o f H is p an ic m ale s, a n d 3 8% o f W hit e m ale s h av e b een a rre ste d . A m on g w om en , b y a g e 2 3, a rre st r a te s a re 2 0% f o r W hit e s, 1 8% f o r B la ck s, a n d 1 6% f o r H is p an ic s ( B ra m e, B ush w ay, P ate rn oste r, & T urn er, 2 014). T he u se o f c rim in al r e co rd s t o d is c rim in ate i n e m plo ym en t d ecis io n s v io la te s T it le V II o f t h e C iv il R ig h ts A ct, b eca u se t h is p ra ctic e h as a d is p ro p ortio n ate i m pact o n ( m ale ) m in orit ie s. I n 2 013, t h e E EO C c h arg ed D olla r G en era l a n d a U .S . d iv is io n o f B M W w it h n ot h ir in g p eo p le b ase d o n c rim in al b ack gro u n d c h eck s w hen t h ey s h ou ld h av e c o n sid ere d e a ch a p pli c a n t i n div id ually a n d e v a lu ate d w heth er h is o r h er p ast a rre st o r c rim e h ad a n y b ea rin g o n t h e j o b f o r w hic h t h ey a p pli e d . T he E EO C i s c h arg in g t h at t h e h ir in g p oli c ie s a t b oth c o m pan ie s h ad t h e e ffe ct o f d is c rim in atin g a ga in st b la ck a p pli c a n ts , i n v io la tio n o f T it le V II o f t h e 1 964 C iv il R ig h ts A ct, w hic h b ars e m plo ye rs f r o m d is c rim in atin g b ase d o n r a ce . ( A dam s, 2 013, p ara . 2 ) S ev e ra l s tu d ie s d em on str a te th e p erv a siv e s tig m atiz a tio n o f a n d d is c rim in atio n a ga in st p eo p le w it h c rim in al re co rd s. D ev a h P ag er, B ru ce W este rn , a n d N ao m i S u gie ( 2 009) f o u n d t h at a c rim in al r e co rd r e d uce s t h e p ossib ili t y o f a c a llb ack o r j o b o ffe r b y a lm ost h alf ( 2 8% o f t h ose w it h ou t a c rim in al r e co rd r e ce iv e d c a llb ack s a n d jo b o ffe rs , w here a s o n ly 1 5% o f t h ose w it h a c rim in al r e co rd d id ). W hen e xa m in ed b y r a ce , th e r e su lt s o ffe r fu rth er in sig h t. A lt h ou gh b oth B la ck s a n d W hit e s w it h c rim in al r e co rd s f a ce d is c rim in atio n o n t h e j o b m ark et, B la ck s f a ce a g re a te r d eg re e o f s u ch d is c rim in atio n . B la ck s w ere 3 t im es m ore li k ely t o f a ce d is c rim in atio n f o r h av in g a crim in al re co rd (P ag er et al., 2009). W hit e s re ce iv e d ca llb ack s o r jo b o ffe rs 3 1% o f th e t im e w it h ou t c rim in al re co rd s a n d 2 2% o f th e tim e w it h a crim in al re co rd . Bla ck s re ce iv e d sim ila rly p osit iv e r e sp on se s j u st 2 5% o f t h e t im e e v e n w it h ou t a c rim in al r e co rd a tta ch ed t o t h e r és u m é a n d o n ly 1 0% w it h a r e co rd . S o m e e x-in m ate s, th eir fa m ily m em bers , a n d a lli e s in r e li g io u s c o m mun it ie s a n d o th er c iv il s o cie ty s e cto rs h av e tr ie d to u n do th e p erm an en t stig m atiz a tio n o f p eo p le w it h c rim in al r e co rd s. D eli a V ega , c o exe cu tiv e d ir e cto r o f E x-P ris o n ers a n d P ris o n ers O rg a n iz in g fo r C om mun it y Adva n ce m en t (E PO CA ) in W orc e ste r, M assa ch u se tts , is o n e s u ch p ers o n . V ega s e rv e d tim e f o r d ru g o ffe n se s c o m mit te d in h er 2 0s. N ow in h er 3 0s a n d m ore th an 7 y e a rs in to h er re co ve ry , V ega o rg a n iz e s t h e n um ero u s e x-in m ate s s h e h as m et w ho c o n sis te n tly ap pli e d fo r jo b s, ch eck ed th e box i n dic a tin g crim in al re co rd s, an d nev e r re ce iv e d a c a llb ack — ev e n w hen th ey h ad y e a rs o f e x p erie n ce in t h e ie ld ( K org en , 2 015). 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 5/4 2 C rit ic a l T hin kin g Q uestio n s S a ra D . D avis / A P I m ages f o r U .S . C ham ber o f C om merc e F o u nda tio n D ue i n p art t o s te re o ty p in g, m ili t a ry v e te ra n s t e n d t o b e u n em plo ye d a t h ig h er r a te s t h an t h e g e n era l p op ula tio n . H ere , s o ld ie rs a n d v e te ra n s e n te r a n e m plo ym en t w ork sh op B y org a n iz in g ex-in m ate s an d alli e s in fa it h c o m mun it ie s a n d h u m an s e rv ic e s, E PO CA w on s e v e ra l s ig n i ic a n t vic to rie s in th e Com mon w ea lt h of M assa ch u se tts , in clu d in g a n in it ia tiv e c a lle d B an t h e B ox. T his in it ia tiv e w as s ig n ed in to la w in 2 010 b y G ove rn or D ev a l P atr ic k , a n d it p ro h ib it s e m plo ye rs fr o m a sk in g th e q u estio n “ H av e y o u e v e r b een c o n vic te d o f a c rim e?” o n in it ia l jo b a p pli c a tio n s. T hat q u estio n c a n o n ly b e a sk ed d urin g f a ce -to -fa ce jo b in te rv ie w s, in w hic h th e a p pli c a n t c a n e x p la in th e c o n vic tio n a n d h er o r h is c u rre n t l i f e c ir c u m sta n ce s ( K org en , 2 015). I n su la te d f r o m s u ch d is c rim in atio n a s a n o rg a n iz e r o f e x-in m ate s ( w here h av in g d on e t im e i s a n a sse t) , V ega n ev e rth ele ss h as b een u n ab le t o e sc a p e t h e s tig m a o f h av in g a c rim in al r e co rd w hen lo okin g f o r a n a p artm en t. F o r a n um ber o f y e a rs , V ega h ad p ers o n ally k n ow n h er la n dlo rd , w ho w as s y m path etic to h er d esir e to re fo rm h er o w n li f e a n d h elp o th er r e co ve rin g a d dic ts . H ow ev e r, w hen h e s o ld t h e b u ild in g, s h e a n d h er h u sb an d, a ls o a n e x-p ris o n er a n d o rg a n iz e r o f e x- p ris o n ers , w ere t u rn ed a w ay f r o m a p artm en t a ft e r a p artm en t. T he p atte rn c h an ged o n ly w hen s h e c o n fr o n te d t h e is su e h ea d o n , r e q u estin g a o n e-o n -o n e m eetin g w it h a l a n dlo rd . “ I a sk ed h im , ‘ H ow l o n g d oes o u r d au gh te r h av e t o p ay f o r o u r m is ta k es?’” T he c o n ve rs a tio n e n ded w ell f o r V ega a n d h er f a m ily . “ W e’r e liv in g in th e a p artm en t r ig h t n ow ” ( a s c it e d in K org en , 2 015, p . 1 43), s h e a d ded . S ev e ra l o th er B an t h e B ox c a m paig n s , o r e ffo rts t o r e fo rm l a w s t h at s tig m atiz e p eo p le w it h c rim in al r e co rd s a n d r e str ic t t h eir r e in te g ra tio n i n to s o cie ty , a re n ow u n derw ay. M an y a re l e d b y f a it h -b ase d a n d s e cu la r c o m mun it y o rg a n iz a tio n s t h at a im t o m ak e it ille ga l f o r e m plo ye rs t o r e q u ir e a p ers o n t o d is c lo se a c rim in al r e co rd o n a jo b a p pli c a tio n . B y S ep te m ber 2 014, 1 3 s ta te s h ad e li m in ate d q u estio n s a b ou t c rim in al c o n vic tio n s f r o m t h eir o w n a p pli c a tio n s f o r p ubli c e m plo ym en t ( N ELP, 2 014). E ffo rts h av e als o b een m ad e to co m bat d is c rim in atio n aga in st an oth er vu ln era b le gro u p : m ili t a ry p ers o n nel a n d v e te ra n s. M ili t a ry P erso n nel a n d t h e W ork fo rc e M ic h ael S ch u tz h ad s e rv e d h is h om eto w n o f T ru m an , M in neso ta , a s a p oli c e o fic e r p rio r t o h is N atio n al G uard a ctiv a tio n d urin g t h e I r a q W ar. W hen h e r e tu rn ed f r o m m ili t a ry s e rv ic e , h e w as i n fo rm ed t h at h is p osit io n h ad b een r e d uce d t o p art t im e, a v io la tio n o f f e d era l la w t h at r e q u ir e s t h at s e rv ic e m em bers m ust b e “ r e em plo ye d w it h th e s ta tu s, s e n io rit y , a n d r a te o f p ay a s i f h e o r s h e h ad b een c o n tin uou sly e m plo ye d d urin g t h e p erio d o f s e rv ic e ” ( U .S . D ep artm en t o f L ab or, 2 014f, p . i ) . F ro m 2 001 t o 2 013 m ore t h an 1 5,0 00 c o m pla in ts w ere ile d w it h f e d era l a u th orit ie s o ve r s im ila r in cid en ts . A bou t a t h ir d o f o ffe n ders w ere f e d era l a g en cie s. P riv a te s e cto r e m plo ye rs n am ed in c o m pla in ts in clu d ed W alm art a n d U PS ( L os A ngele s T im es , 2 013). M em bers o f t h e a rm ed s e rv ic e s r e tu rn in g f r o m I r a q , A fg h an is ta n , a n d o th er c o m bat z o n es h av e t r o u ble r e tu rn in g t o t h eir c iv ili a n liv e s, fa m ili e s, jo b s, a n d c o m mun it ie s a n d a re e sp ecia lly c h alle n ged to in d e m plo ym en t. A cco rd in g to th e U .S . D ep artm en t o f L ab or ( 2 014b), 9 % o f v e te ra n s w ho h av e s e rv e d i n t h e a rm ed f o rc e s s in ce 2 001 a re u n em plo ye d , w hic h is m uch h ig h er t h an t h e o ve ra ll u n em plo ym en t r a te o f 6 .1 % . T he U nif o rm ed S e rv ic e s E m p l o ym en t a n d R eem plo ym en t R ig h ts A ct w as p asse d t o m in im iz e t h e e co n om ic im pact o f d is c rim in atio n o n m em bers of th e m ili t a ry by m an datin g th at em plo ye rs ca n not d is c rim in ate i n h ir in g, r e te n tio n , p ro m otio n , o r a n y o th er a sp ect o f t h e w ork p la ce o n t h e b asis o f m em bers h ip i n t h e a rm ed s e rv ic e s. T his la w a ls o s ta te s t h at r e tu rn in g r e se rv is ts a re e n tit le d to r e em plo ym en t b y t h e co m pan y th ey w ork ed fo r w hen th ey w ere dep lo ye d (U .S . D ep artm en t o f L ab or, 2 014f). E ve n w it h s u ch p ro te ctio n s in p la ce , re tu rn in g v e te ra n s m ust o ft e n e n dure b ein g ste re o ty p ed a s m en ta lly u n sta b le a n d su ffe rin g fr o m p ost-t r a u m atic str e ss dis o rd er (P T SD ) due to th eir to u r of duty ( M acL ea n & K le y k am p, 2 014). I t is e stim ate d t h at a p pro xim ate ly 3 0% o f V ie tn am W ar, 1 0% o f G ulf W ar, a n d 1 4% o f Ir a q W ar v e te ra n s s u ffe re d fr o m P T SD u p on th eir re tu rn to th e U nit e d S ta te s ( G ra d us, 2 014). T his c o n se q u en ce o f m ili t a ry s e rv ic e is a m ajo r p ro b le m th at – c a n not be ig n ore d . Giv e n th at 21.4 m illi o n , or 9% of th e U.S . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 6/4 2 C ou rte sy o f A la ir M acle a n , P h.D . c o n ducte d a s p art o f a j o b s u m mit a t F o rt B ra gg . p op ula tio n 1 8 a n d o ve r, a re v e te ra n s ( B LS, 2 014c), P T SD e d uca tio n is i m porta n t. T hese ig u re s a ls o m ak e c le a r, h ow ev e r, t h at t h e p erc e p tio n t h at a ll c o m bat v e te ra n s h av e P T SD i s a s te re o ty p e. C om bat v e te ra n s d o c o m mon ly e x p erie n ce s o m e s tr e ss w hen r e tu rn in g t o c iv ili a n li f e . T hey m ay f e el d is c o n necte d fr o m c o lle a g u es, h av e d if ic u lt y a d ju stin g t o w ork p la ce r u le s, f e el t h at c iv ili a n jo b s la ck im porta n ce c o m pare d to li f e -o r-d ea th c o m bat e x p erie n ce s, o r fe el c o n sta n tly in d an ger (R ea l W arrio rs , 2 015 M acL ea n , 2 010; M acL ea n & K le y k am p, 2 014). M an y v e te ra n s a ls o s u ffe r fr o m o th er c o n dit io n s a sso cia te d w it h P T SD , s u ch a s c h ro n ic fa tig u e, p oor co n ce n tr a tio n , a g gre ssiv e b eh av io r, a n d o th er s y m pto m s o f d ep re ssio n a n d s tr e ss ( M acL ea n 2 010; M acL ea n & K le y k am p, 2 014). T hese c o n dit io n s h av e n ega tiv e e ffe cts o n m arit a l a n d fa m ily r e la tio n s, m ak in g it d if ic u lt to c a rry o n p ro d uctiv e a n d n orm al l iv e s. H ow ev e r, a g en cie s l i k e t h e U .S . D ep artm en t o f V ete ra n s A ffa ir s a n d t h e U .S . D ep artm en t o f L ab or h av e p ro gra m s a n d m ea su re s i n te n ded t o h elp . F o r i n sta n ce , t h e D ep artm en t o f V ete ra n s A ffa ir s h as r e a d ju stm en t a n d e m plo ym en t c e n te rs in a d dit io n t o in an cia l s u p port f o r s o ld ie rs ( U .S . D ep artm en t o f V ete ra n s A ffa ir s , 2 013). M an ag ers w ho w is h to p ro m ote a n in clu siv e w ork e n vir o n m en t fo r v e te ra n s n eed n ot b e w ary o f re tu rn in g s o ld ie rs ’ m ili t a ry e x p erie n ce . T here is n o e v id en ce th at s o ld ie rs r e tu rn in g fr o m c o m bat a re m ore p ro n e th an o th er w ork ers to a ssa u lt c o w ork ers o r m an ag ers . T here is a ls o n o n eed to a v o id a ck n ow le d gin g a v e te ra n ’s m ili t a ry in vo lv e m en t o r to p re ssu re v e te ra n s t o d is c u ss t h eir e x p erie n ce s. R eso u rc e s a re a v a ila b le t h ro u gh t h e D ep artm en t o f V ete ra n s A ffa ir s a n d s o m etim es c o m pan y h ea lt h c a re a n d w elln ess p la n s t o e d uca te m an ag ers in w ay s t o s e a m le ssly in co rp ora te v e te ra n s in t h e w ork p la ce ( L affe rty , A lf o rd , D av is , & O ’C on nor, 2 008). W hat W ou ld Y o u D o? W ou ld Y o u H ir e a n A rm y R ese rv is t? S u p pose y o u a re t h e o w ner o f a m ajo r c o n str u ctio n c o m pan y t h at h as j u st l a n ded a b ig c o n tr a ct. Y o u n eed t o h ir e a m an ag er f o r t h e p ro je ct. Y o u h av e i n te rv ie w ed a n um ber o f q u ali ie d p eo p le , b u t t h e o n e w ho s e em s m ost q u ali ie d i s i n t h e a rm y r e se rv e s. Y o u a re a fr a id h e w ill b e c a lle d u p t o m ili t a ry a ctio n in t h e m id dle o f t h e p ro je ct. W hat d o y o u d o? W ou ld y o u h ir e h im o r c h oose s o m eo n e le ss q u ali ie d w ho is n ot in th e r e se rv e s? W hy? B e s u re to u se i n fo rm atio n f r o m t h is c h ap te r a s y o u a n sw er t h is q u estio n . S p otli g h t o n W ork p la ce R ese a rc h : A la ir M acL ea n ’s W ork o n V ete ra n s a n d U nem plo ym en t A la ir M acL ea n , a n a sso cia te p ro fe sso r o f s o cio lo gy a t W ash in gto n S ta te U niv e rs it y , h as c o n ducte d r e se a rc h t h at a n aly ze s th e im pact o f m ili t a ry e x p erie n ce o n th e w ork li f e o f v e te ra n s. S h e f o u n d t h at c o m bat v e te ra n s o ft e n h av e d if ic u lt y a d ju stin g t o c iv ili a n w ork l i f e . M acL ea n ’s (2 010) re se a rc h sh ow s th at “c o m bat ve te ra n s are m ore li k ely th an n on co m bat ve te ra n s to re p ort w ork -r e la te d d is a b ili t ie s” (p . 5 80) an d h av e tr o u ble in din g a n d k eep in g e m plo ym en t. I n l i g h t o f t h ese in din gs, s h e a rg u es t h at “ p oli c y m ak ers a n d c it iz e n s s h ou ld n ote t h ese lo n g-te rm c o n se q u en ce s o f w ar” ( M acL ea n , 2 010, p . 5 80) a n d co n sid er th em w hen th ey m ak e d ecis io n s to em plo y tr o op s in to co m bat. T he r e p erc u ssio n s o f w ar d o n ot e n d w hen b u lle ts s to p ly in g. M acL ea n ’s m ore r e ce n t w ork r e v e a ls , h ow ev e r, th at a lt h ou gh c o m bat v e te ra n s m ay fa ce d is a b ili t y , u n em plo ym en t, a n d n ega tiv e s te re o ty p es th ro u gh ou t th eir w ork liv e s, th ey a ls o b en eit f r o m a s u p portiv e p ubli c . H er w ork o n I r a q W ar v e te ra n s s h ow s a n A m eric a n s o cie ty b oth w ary o f th e e ffe cts o f w ar o n v e te ra n s a n d e a g er to s u p port th ose w ho f o u gh t fo r th eir n atio n . In fa ct, h er r e se a rc h in dic a te s th at a lt h ou gh Ir a q W ar v e te ra n s “ m ay b e s te re o ty p ed , t h ey a re n ot s tig m atiz e d ” ( M acL ea n & K le y k am p, 2 014, p . 1 31). T he a p pre cia tio n t h e p ubli c f e els f o r t h eir s e rv ic e e ffe ctiv e ly c o u n te rs t h e n ega tiv e s te re o ty p es a sso cia te d w it h th ose w ho h av e s e en c o m bat 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 7/4 2 a n d le a d s to s u p port fo r g o ve rn m en t a n d e m plo ye e a ssis ta n ce p ro gra m s fo r v e te ra n s. T his is g o od n ew s fo r c o m bat v e te ra n s, t h eir f a m ili e s, a n d t h e A m eric a n w ork p la ce . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 8/4 2 S u m mary a n d R eso u rc e s S u m mary E m plo ye rs t o d ay s e ek o u t e m plo ye es w ho h av e s k ills t h at e n ab le t h em t o q u ic k ly l e a rn t o d o a j o b o n ce h ir e d . U .S . s tu d en ts a n d w ork ers s c o re d l o w er, h ow ev e r, o n O ECD t e sts t h an m ost o f t h ose f r o m o th er d ev e lo p ed n atio n s, i n dic a tin g t h ey l a ck s o m e s k ills e m plo ye rs s e ek . E duca tio n l e v e ls , w hic h v a ry b y r a ce a n d e th n ic it y , i n lu en ce a n i n div id ual’s e m plo ym en t p ro sp ects a n d c o m pen sa tio n . U .S . i m mig ra tio n l a w s h av e h is to ric a lly b een m an ip ula te d t o m eet e m plo ye rs ’ n eed s a n d t o p la ca te a n ti- i m mig ra n t p oli t ic a l p re ssu re s. E xa m ple s i n clu d e t h e 1 882 C hin ese E xclu sio n A ct, t h e 1 924 I m mig ra tio n A ct, a n d t h e b ra ce ro p ro gra m o f t h e 1 940s, 1 950s, a n d e a rly 1 960s. R acia l p re ju d ic e a n d d is c rim in atio n , i n clu d in g s te re o ty p in g, c re a te s a n ti- im mig ra tio n s e n tim en ts a n d p re v e n ts s o m e w ork ers f r o m r is in g t o l e a d ers h ip p osit io n s i n t h e w ork p la ce . I n t h e U nit e d S ta te s t o d ay, f o re ig n -b orn w ork ers t e n d t o c lu ste r i n s e rv ic e o ccu p atio n s— both l o w p ay in g ( ja n it o ria l s e rv ic e s, r e sta u ra n t w ork , w are h ou se s, a n d s o o n ) a n d h ig h p ay in g ( s o ft w are e n gin eers , n urs e s, a n d s o o n ). F o rm er c o n vic ts f a ce d is c rim in atio n a n d s tig m atiz a tio n w hen t h ey a p ply f o r w ork . D is c h arg ed m em bers o f t h e a rm ed s e rv ic e s o ft e n h av e d if ic u lt y o b ta in in g a n d k eep in g e m plo ym en t b eca u se o f n ega tiv e s te re o ty p es, P T SD , a n d o th er d is a b ili t ie s. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 1 9/4 2 C ase S tu dy : T ak in g a S ta n ce o n B an nin g t h e B ox T his e xce rp t f r o m “ S ta te s P ush t o P ro vid e S o m e E x-F elo n s a S eco n d C han ce ” d esc rib es t h e B an t h e B ox c a m paig n n ow u n derw ay i n m an y s ta te s a cro ss t h e n atio n . W alt e r F o rts o n i s a y o u ng m an w it h i m pre ssiv e c re d en tia ls : H e g ra du ate d w it h h on ors f r o m R utg ers U niv e rsit y t h is y e a r a n d i s h ea ded t o t h e U niv e rsit y o f C a m brid ge [ in E ngla n d] o n a p re stig io u s T ru m an s c h ola rsh ip . B ut o n a t y p ic a l j o b a p pli c a tio n , t h e ir st t h in g a n e m plo ye r m ig h t n otic e a bou t F o rts o n i s t h at h e’s a n e x- f e lo n . F o rts o n , 2 8, s e rv e d t w o y e a rs i n p ris o n f o r d ea li n g c ra ck c o ca in e. H e g ot o u t i n M arc h 2 010 a n d h as b een c le a n s in ce . T hou gh h e’s s u cce ssfu lly t u rn ed h is l i f e a ro u nd, h e s a ys d is c rim in atio n a ga in st t h ose w it h a c rim in al r e co rd i s v e ry r e a l. “ T here h ave b een a l o t o f t im es t h at I h ave n ’t b een o ffe re d a n o p portu nit y b eca u se o f t h e s tig m a,” s a id F o rts o n , a P hila delp h ia n ativ e . “ A l o t o f c o m pan ie s h ave a b la n ket p oli c y t h at e xclu des a nyo n e w ho’s h ad a ny 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 0/4 2 c o n ta ct w it h t h e c rim in al j u stic e s y ste m .” F o rts o n i s n ow b a ck in g a c a m paig n t o m ake e m plo ye rs r e m ove q u estio n s a bou t c rim in al h is to ry f r o m j o b a p pli c a tio n s, p ostp on in g s u ch q u erie s u ntil a l a te r s ta ge o f t h e h ir in g p ro ce ss— an i n it ia tiv e w id ely k n ow n a s “ B an t h e B ox.” … A g ro w in g n um ber o f s ta te s a re c o m in g o n b oa rd .… “ W e’r e n ot e ve n s a yin g d on ’t a sk u s t h e q u estio n — we’r e s a yin g d on ’t a sk t h e q u estio n a s t h e ir st t h in g t h at y o u d o,” s a id D orse y N unn, d ir e cto r o f L eg a l S erv ic e s f o r P ris o n ers w it h C hild re n , a n e x-fe lo n -t u rn ed – a dvo ca te w ho h elp ed s p ea rh ea d t h e m ove m en t i n t h e B ay A re a . “ W e a re a sk in g f o r o p portu nit y t o c o m pete .” B an t h e B ox l a w s g en era lly m ake e xe m ptio n s f o r s c h ools , l a w e n fo rc e m en t, a n d o th er i n stit u tio n s t h at a lr e a dy r e q u ir e m ore s tr in gen t s c re en in g o f t h eir e m plo ye es. B ut f o r o th er k in ds o f e m plo ye rs, n o m atte r i f i t ’s v io le n t f e lo n y, a s e x o ffe n se , o r m is d em ea n or— They a re p ro h ib it e d f r o m a sk in g a bou t a p pli c a n ts ’ c rim in al h is to rie s w hen t h ey ir st a p ply f o r a j o b . T he c a m paig n h as c o m e a t a t im e w hen a r e co rd n um ber o f A m eric a n s h ave t a n gle d w it h t h e c rim in al j u stic e s y ste m . A bou t o n e i n t h re e A m eric a n s h as s o m e k in d o f c rim in al r e co rd , i n clu din g a rre sts t h at d id n ot l e a d t o c o n vic tio n s, a cco rd in g t o t h e D ep artm en t o f J u stic e . A nd N ELP e stim ate s t h at o n e i n f o u r A m eric a n s — 65 m illi o n p eo p le — has a r e co rd t h at w ou ld s h ow u p o n r o u tin e b a ck g ro u nd c h eck . A dvo ca te s p oin t o u t t h at e m plo ym en t i s o n e o f t h e m ost e ffe ctiv e w ays t o r e d u ce t h e r e cid iv is m r a te a n d s u pport l o w -in co m e c o m munit ie s— an d t h ey i n sis t t h ere ’s a n u psid e f o r e m plo ye rs a s w ell. “ In m y e xp erie n ce , a l o t o f t im es t h ese f o lk s a ctu ally m ake e xe m pla ry e m plo ye es b eca u se t h ey w ork a l o t h ard er a n d t h ey h ave s o m eth in g t o p ro ve i n a w ay, o r t h at’s h ow t h ey f e el,” s a id R hod e I s la n d s ta te r e p re se n ta tiv e M ic h ael C hip pen da le , a R ep u bli c a n w ho s p en t d eca des i n t h e m an ufa ctu rin g i n du str y. B an t h e B ox s u pporte rs s tr e ss t h at e m plo ye rs a re u nder n o o b li g a tio n t o h ir e s u ch c a n did a te s a n d c a n s till c o n du ct b a ck g ro u nd c h eck s a n d m ake t h e u su al i n qu ir ie s, j u st l a te r i n t h e h ir in g p ro ce ss. I n R hod e I s la n d, f o r i n sta n ce , e m plo ye rs c a n m ake s u ch i n qu ir ie s a t t h e ir st i n te rv ie w , w hile H aw aii p ro h ib it s c rim in al h is to ry q u estio n s u ntil e m plo ye rs m ake a c o n dit io n al j o b o ffe r. T hin k A bou t I t : 1 . W ere y o u s u rp ris e d t o r e a d t h at a b ou t 1 o u t o f 3 A m eric a n s “ h as s o m e k in d o f c rim in al r e co rd ”… a n d “ o n e i n f o u r A m eric a n s— 65 m illi o n p eo p le — has a r e co rd t h at w ou ld s h ow u p o n a r o u tin e b ack gro u n d c h eck ?” W hy o r w hy n ot? H ow d o t h ose n um bers i n lu en ce y o u r o p in io n o f t h e B an t h e B ox i n it ia tiv e ? 2 . I f y o u w ere a n e m plo ye r, w ou ld y o u b e o p en t o h ir in g s o m eo n e w it h a c rim in al r e co rd ? W hy o r w hy n ot? 3 . D id y o u r o p in io n o n t h e B an t h e B ox i n it ia tiv e c h an ge a ft e r r e a d in g t h e a rtic le e xce rp ts ? W hy o r w hy n ot? S o u rc e : K him m, S . ( 2 014). S ta te s p u sh t o p ro vid e s o m e e x-fe lo n s a s e co n d c h an ce . M SN BC. R etr ie ve d f r o m h ttp :/ /w ww.m sn bc.c o m /a ll/ sta te s-p ush – p ro vid e-s o m e-e x-fe lo n s-s e co n d-c h an ce ( h ttp :/ /w ww.m sn bc.c o m /a ll/ sta te s-p ush -p ro vid e-s o m e-e x-fe lo n s-s e co n d-c h an ce ) D is c u ssio n Q uestio n s 1 . D o y o u t h in k y o u h av e t h e s k ills e m plo ye rs n ow t e n d t o s e ek i n j o b a p pli c a n ts ? W hy o r w hy n ot? I n w hat w ay s i s y o u r c o lle g e e d uca tio n p re p arin g y o u f o r t h e w ork fo rc e ? 2 . D o y o u a g re e w it h t h e c o n li c t p ers p ectiv e ’s v ie w o f h ig h er e d uca tio n ? W hy o r w hy n ot? 3 . O ffe r s o m e e xa m ple s f r o m t h is c h ap te r o f h ow i m mig ra tio n l a w h as b een i m pacte d b y b oth r a cis t a n d e co n om ic f o rc e s. W ere y o u s u rp ris e d t o l e a rn a b ou t t h ese e xa m ple s? W hy o r w hy n ot? 4 . H ow d o s te re o ty p es o f A sia n A m eric a n s c o n tr ib u te t o t h e “ b am boo c e ili n g” e ffe ct? W hy d o y o u t h in k t h e h arm t h ese s te re o ty p es c a u se a re n ot a s w ell k n ow n a s o th er f o rm s o f r a cia l p re ju d ic e a n d d is c rim in atio n i n t h e w ork p la ce ? 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 1/4 2 5 . H ow c a n y o u e x p la in , i n s o cio lo gic a l t e rm s, t h e d if fe re n ce i n i n co m e b etw een f o re ig n -b orn H is p an ic a n d A sia n i m mig ra n ts ? H ow c a n t h is s o cio lo gic a l k n ow le d ge h elp d is p el s te re o ty p es a b ou t t h ese g ro u p s? 6 . I n w hat w ay s d o e x-p ris o n ers f a ce d is c rim in atio n w hen s e ek in g e m plo ym en t? W hat a re s o m e o f t h e w ay s t h is s tig m atiz a tio n i m pacts ( a ) c o n vic ts , ( b ) t h e f a m ili e s o f e x-p ris o n ers , a n d c ) l a rg er s o cie ty ? 7 . W hat a re s o m e o f t h e o b sta cle s c o m bat v e te ra n s f a ce w hen t r y in g t o in d a n d r e ta in e m plo ym en t i n t h e c iv ili a n s e cto r? H ow c a n b oth f e d era l l e g is la tio n a n d i n div id ual e m plo ye rs h elp v e te ra n s g et j o b s a n d k eep t h em ? A ddit io n al R eso u rc e s A n a rtic le a b ou t t h e O ECD t e sts a n d t h e i m pli c a tio n s o f U .S . s c o re s h ttp :/ /e d so u rc e .o rg /2 013/u -s -s c o re s-s ta gn an t-o th er-n atio n s-p ass-b y-in -la te st- i n te rn atio n al- c o m paris o n /5 2052# .V Cl8 7_ld W a8 (h ttp :/ /e d so u rc e .o rg /2 013/u -s -s c o re s-s ta gn an t-o th er-n atio n s-p ass-b y-in -la te st- % 20in te rn atio n al- c o m paris o n /5 2052# .V Cl8 7_ld W a8 ) T w o d if fe re n t p ers p ectiv e s o n t h e r o le e d uca tio n c a n p la y i n a d dre ssin g i n eq u ali t y i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s h ttp :/ /b ig sto ry.a p .o rg /a rtic le /sp -w ea lt h -g a p -s lo w in g-u s-e co n om ic -g ro w th (h ttp :/ /b ig sto ry.a p .o rg /a rtic le /sp -w ea lt h – g a p -s lo w in g-u s-e co n om ic -g ro w th ) h ttp :/ /a m eric a .a lja ze era .c o m /b lo gs/ sc ru tin eer/ 2 014/8 /5 /sta n dard -p oors-w age ga p .h tm l ( h ttp :/ /a m eric a .a lja ze era .c o m /b lo gs/ sc ru tin eer/ 2 014/8 /5 /sta n dard -p oors-w age ga p .h tm l) . I m mig ra tio n l a w h ttp :/ /w ww.i m mig ra tio n poli c y.o rg /sit e s/ d efa u lt / ile s/ d ocs/ o p portu n it y _e xclu sio n _0 11312.p df ( h ttp :/ /w ww.i m mig ra tio n poli c y.o rg /sit e s/ d efa u lt / ile s/ d ocs/ o p portu n it y _e xclu sio n _0 11312.p df) h ttp :/ /w ww.u sc is .g o v/h is to ry -a n d-g e n ea lo gy /o u r-h is to ry /a ge n cy -h is to ry /e a rly -a m eric a n -im mig ra tio n -p oli c ie s ( h ttp :/ /w ww.u sc is .g o v/h is to ry -a n d-g e n ea lo gy /o u r-h is to ry /a ge n cy -h is to ry /e a rly -a m eric a n -im mig ra tio n -p oli c ie s) h ttp :/ /m ash ab le .c o m /2 014/0 9/0 5/m ash ab le -e x p la in s-im mig ra tio n (h ttp :/ /m ash ab le .c o m /2 014/0 9/0 5/m ash ab le – e x p la in s-im mig ra tio n ) R eco m men datio n s f o r h ow t o h an dle r a cia l a n d e th n ic s te re o ty p es i n t h e w ork p la ce h ttp :/ /sm allb u sin ess.c h ro n .c o m /e ffe cts -c u lt u ra l- s te re o ty p e-w ork p la ce -1 9193.h tm l ( h ttp :/ /sm allb u sin ess.c h ro n .c o m /e ffe cts -c u lt u ra l- s te re o ty p e-w ork p la ce -1 9193.h tm l) h ttp :/ /e d uca tio n -p orta l.c o m /a ca d em y/le sso n /ste re o ty p in g-in -t h e-w ork p la ce -d ein it io n -e x a m ple s- e ffe cts .h tm l# le sso n (h ttp :/ /e d uca tio n -p orta l.c o m /a ca d em y/le sso n /ste re o ty p in g-in -t h e-w ork p la ce -d ein it io n -e x a m ple s- e ffe cts .h tm l# le sso n ) S to rie s o f u n docu m en te d w ork ers i n t h e ilm B ord erle ss: T he L iv es o f U ndocu m en te d W ork ers h ttp :/ /d ig it a l. ilm s.c o m /p la y /R Z9 6ZM ( h ttp :/ /d ig it a l. ilm s.c o m /p la y /R Z9 6ZM ) T he b en eit s o f im mig ra tio n fo r U .S . s o cie ty a n d w hy im mig ra n ts te n d to c lu ste r in lo w – a n d h ig h -in co m e e m plo ym en t s e cto rs h ttp :/ /cla s.b erk ele y.e d u/re se a rc h /im mig ra tio n -e co n om ic -b en eit s -im mig ra tio n ( h ttp :/ /cla s.b erk ele y.e d u/re se a rc h /im mig ra tio n -e co n om ic -b en eit s -im mig ra tio n ) B an t h e B ox c a m paig n h ttp :/ /w ww.n elp .o rg /p age /-/ S C LP /B an -t h e-B ox.C u rre n t.p df? n ocd n =1 (h ttp :/ /w ww.n elp .o rg /p age /-/ S C LP /B an -t h e- B ox.C u rre n t.p df? n ocd n =1) C halle n ges d is c h arg ed m em bers o f t h e a rm ed s e rv ic e s o ft e n f a ce in o b ta in in g a n d k eep in g e m plo ym en t a n d p ro gra m s t o h elp t h em h ttp :/ /w ww.d eb t.o rg /ve te ra n s/ jo b s-a n d-u n em plo ym en t ( h ttp :/ /w ww.d eb t.o rg /ve te ra n s/ jo b s-a n d-u n em plo ym en t/ ) K ey T erm s B an t h e B ox c a m paig n C h in ese E xclu sio n A ct o f 1 882 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 2/4 2 G en tle m en ’s A gre em en t o f 1 907 h ete ro ge n eo u s H is p an ic h om oge n eo u s I m mig ra tio n A ct o f 1 924 I m mig ra tio n a n d N atio n ali t y A ct o f 1 965 “ n ot q u ali ie d ” i m mig ra n ts p ove rty p ove rty t h re sh old “ q u ali ie d ” i m mig ra n ts r a cia l p ro ili n g U nif o rm ed S e rv ic e s E m plo ym en t a n d R eem plo ym en t R ig h ts A ct 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 3/4 2 L ea rn in g O bje ctiv e s B y t h e e n d o f t h is c h ap te r, y o u w ill b e a b le t o : I d en tif y t h e m ain g en era tio n al c o h orts w ork in g i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s t o d ay. D esc rib e t h e s k ills a n d a p tit u d es e a ch g en era tio n al c o h ort b rin gs t o t h e m od ern w ork p la ce , a s w ell a s t h e c h alle n ges t h ey f a ce . E xp la in t h e i m pact o f t e ch n olo gy o n t h e w ork p la ce . D em on str a te h ow a n d w hy m on it o rin g w ork ers h as b eco m e a r o u tin e p ra ctic e a n d a g ro w in g b u sin ess. 6 G en era tio n al D if fe re n ce s, S o cia l M ed ia , a n d P riv a cy I s su es i n t h e W ork fo rc e R ob ert C hu rc h ill/ E +/G ett y I m ages 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 4/4 2 I n tr o d uctio n H av e y o u e v e r w ork ed a lo n gsid e s o m eo n e fr o m a m uch o ld er o r y o u n ger g en era tio n th an y o u r o w n? C on sid erin g th e r is in g a g e o f r e tir e m en t, y o u w ill p ro b ab ly e x p erie n ce b oth o f t h ese s c e n ario s a t s o m e p oin t d urin g y o u r w ork in g li f e . Y o u w ill n eed to c o lla b ora te e ffe ctiv e ly w it h p eo p le w ho h av e d if fe re n t g en era tio n al w orld vie w s. T he te rm g e n era tio n d esc rib es p eo p le o f s im ila r a g es w ho s h are c e rta in e x p erie n ce s t h at s h ap e t h eir p ers p ectiv e s a n d a ttit u d es. Y o u r w ork li f e w ill li k ely a ls o r e q u ir e y o u to u se s o cia l m ed ia a p pli c a tio n s, o r o n li n e p la tfo rm s th at a llo w p eo p le to c o m mun ic a te a n d e sta b li s h s o cia l n etw ork s w it h o n e a n oth er, a n d o th er f o rm s o f t e ch n olo gy. Y o u w ill h av e t o n av ig a te t h e d an gers t h at c o m e w it h th e in cre a se d u se o f te ch n olo gy in th e w ork p la ce a n d th e r e la te d lo ss o f p riv a cy. W e e xa m in e i s su es r e la te d t o t h ese d ev e lo p m en ts i n t h is c h ap te r. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 5/4 2 6 .1 G en era tio n al D if fe re n ce s a n d t h e W ork fo rc e G en era tio n s a re d ein ed b y m ore t h an m ere c h ro n olo gic a l a g e. G en era tio n al c o h orts s h are h is to ric a l e x p erie n ce s t h at h elp d ein e a n d s h ap e t h eir p ers p ectiv e . F o r e xa m ple , t h e t r a d it io n ali s ts , w ho w ere b orn b efo re 1 946, e x p erie n ce d W orld W ar I I, e it h er in t h e b attle ie ld o r o n t h e h om e f r o n t. S im ila rly , t h e c iv il r ig h ts m ove m en t a n d t h e V ie tn am W ar c h ara cte riz e d t h e e x p erie n ce o f th e b ab y b oom ers ( b orn b etw een 1 946 a n d 1 964). G en era tio n X ( b orn b etw een 1 965 a n d 1 979) s h are d e v e n ts s u ch a s th e d ev e lo p m en t o f th e p ers o n al c o m pute r a n d th e ir s t G ulf W ar, w here a s m ille n nia ls (b orn b etw een 1 980 a n d 2 000) c a m e o f a g e i n t h e a ft e rm ath o f t h e S ep te m ber 1 1, 2 001, t e rro ris t a tta ck s. F o r t h e ir s t t im e i n h is to ry , A m eric a n w ork p la ce s f e a tu re f o u r g en era tio n s t o geth er i n t h e w ork fo rc e . T he r e a li t y o f t h ese g ro u p s w ork in g sid e by sid e offe rs ce rta in ad va n ta g es an d ch alle n ges th at m an ag ers need to re co gn iz e . W hen t r a d it io n ali s ts , b ab y b oom ers , g en X ers , a n d m ille n nia ls m eet in th e w ork p la ce , th ey b rin g w it h th em a d iv e rs it y o f k n ow le d ge a n d s k ills , b u t g en era tio n al c la sh es c a n a ls o e ru p t. M an ag ers s h ou ld k n ow h ow t o h arn ess t h e k n ow le d ge a n d s k ills ea ch gen era tio n b rin gs an d how to m it ig a te pote n tia l co n li c ts . In sh ort, su cce ssfu l m an ag ers m ust hav e g e n era tio n al i n te lli g e n ce ; t h at i s , k n ow le d ge a b ou t h ow t o w ork w it h m em bers o f d if fe re n t g en era tio n s. O rg a n iz a tio n al le a d ers m ust kn ow h ow to m otiv a te em plo ye es w it h d if fe re n t va lu es an d d if fe re n t beh av io rs . B y a ck n ow le d gin g an d un ders ta n din g gen era tio n al dif fe re n ce s, m an ag ers ca n co m mun ic a te w it h all w ork ers m ore e ffe ctiv e ly . W ork ers , a s w ell, n eed to re co gn iz e th ese g en era tio n al d if fe re n ce s an d u n ders ta n d w hy so m e of th eir c o w ork ers m ay h av e p ers p ectiv e s a n d b eh av io rs t h at d if fe r f r o m t h eir o w n. F o r e xa m ple , t r a d it io n ali s ts m ay r e se n t t h at t h eir e m plo ye r n ow r e li e s o n te ch n olo gy to p erfo rm ta sk s th at th ey w ere o n ce r e sp on sib le fo r d oin g. M ille n nia ls m ay d is tr u st b ab y b oom ers fo r th eir in sis te n ce o n p ro d uctiv it y a n d th e “b otto m li n e.” H ow ev e r, a ck n ow le d gin g a n d b ein g le x ib le a b ou t th e d if fe re n ce s in w orld vie w s a n d v a lu es c a n a ls o m ak e th e w ork p la ce m ore p ro d uctiv e a n d s u cce ssfu l. F ig u re 6 .1 p ro vid es a n o ve rv ie w o f s o m e o f t h e d if fe re n ce s in w orld vie w s a n d v a lu es o f th re e g en era tio n al g ro u p s th at o ft e n in te ra ct in t h e w ork p la ce . T his k n ow le d ge w ill h elp b oth m an ag ers a n d w ork ers a v o id g en era tio n al c o n li c ts a n d c re a te a m ore p osit iv e w ork in g e n vir o n m en t. F ig u re 6 .1 : C o m parin g g e n era tio n al c o h orts M em bers o f g en era tio n X t e n d t o f a ll i n b etw een m ille n nia ls a n d b ab y b oom ers o n m an y d em ogra p hic m ea su re s a n d p oli t ic a l o p in io n s. S o u rc e : B ase d o n d a ta f r o m T a ylo r, P . & G ao, G . ( 2 014). G en era tio n X : A m eric a ’s n eg le cte d ‘m id dle c h ild ’. P ew R ese a rc h C en te r. R etr ie ve d f r o m h ttp :/ /w ww.p ew re se a rc h .o rg /fa ct-t a n k/2 014/0 6/0 5/g e n era tio n -x -a m eric a s-n egle cte d -m id dle – 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 6/4 2 c h ild / ( h ttp :/ /w ww.p ew re se a rc h .o rg /fa ct-t a n k/2 014/0 6/0 5/g e n era tio n -x -a m eric a s-n egle cte d -m id dle -c h ild /) T he fo llo w in g s e ctio n p ro vid es m ore in fo rm atio n a b ou t e a ch o f th e g en era tio n al g ro u p s. K eep in m in d th at th ese a re g en era li z a tio n s a n d d o n ot a p ply to e a ch a n d e v e ry m em ber o f th ese g en era tio n s. T here is d iv e rs it y w it h in a s w ell a s a m on g t h e g en era tio n s. T ra d it io n ali s ts ( B orn B efo re 1 946) T ra d it io n ali s ts ’ e x p erie n ce o f W orld W ar II a n d th e C old W ar d ra m atic a lly s h ap ed th eir p ers p ectiv e s o n w ork a n d th e e co n om y. A s t h e r e a li t y o f m ili t a ry in vo lv e m en t in W orld W ar I I a n d K ore a t h re a te n ed A m eric a n s e cu rit y , tr a d it io n ali s ts g a in ed a s e n se o f v u ln era b ili t y a n d g lo b al i n te rd ep en den ce t h at o n ly i n te n si ie d d urin g t h e C old W ar y e a rs , w hen n ucle a r w ar w as a d is tin ct t h re a t. T hese e x p erie n ce s, a s w ell a s a p ro xim it y t o t h e G re a t D ep re ssio n , i n sp ir e d m an y t r a d it io n ali s ts ’ s e n se o f w ork p la ce l o ya lt y a n d d esir e f o r j o b s e cu rit y , o r t h e h ig h d eg re e o f c e rta in ty t h at o n e w ou ld k eep t h e s a m e jo b u n til r e tir e m en t. T ra d it io n ali s ts t y p ic a lly h av e w ork ed f o r o n ly o n e o r t w o e m plo ye rs th ro u gh ou t th eir c a re ers a n d fe el t h at c h an gin g jo b s c a rrie s a s tig m a fo r w ork ers . T hey te n d to d ed ic a te th em se lv e s to a ch ie v in g a n d m ain ta in in g o n e c a re er fo r th e d ura tio n o f th eir w ork liv e s ( B ra d le y, C am ero n , & T ro gd on , 2 004; T ale n t M an ag em en t T ea m , E xe cu tiv e O ffi ce , U nit e d N atio n s J o in t S ta ff P en sio n F u n d, n .d .) . I f h ig h er e d uca tio n w as r e q u ir e d , it w as t y p ic a lly c o m ple te d b efo re t h ey b ega n th eir c a re er, a n d o n ce th e c a re er w as la u n ch ed , m ost o th er tr a in in g w as o n -t h e-jo b . W hen tr a d it io n ali s ts b ega n t h eir c a re ers , c o n tin uin g e d uca tio n p ro gra m s w ere n ot a s a v a ila b le a s t h ey a re t o d ay. T ra d it io n ali s ts ’ s o cia l s ta tu s i s o ft e n t ie d t o t h eir c a re ers , a s i s t h e l e n gth o f e m plo ym en t in t h eir p osit io n s. T ra d it io n ali s ts t e n d t o v a lu e r u le s, a d here t o t h em c lo se ly , a n d r e q u ir e li t tle f e ed back ( H an se n & L eu ty , 2 012; T ale n t M an ag em en t T ea m , E xe cu tiv e O ffi ce , U nit e d N atio n s Jo in t S ta ff P en sio n F u n d, n .d .) . T he y o u n gest tr a d it io n ali s ts h av e r e a ch ed a g e 7 0, a n d r e la tiv e ly f e w r e m ain i n t h e w ork fo rc e . B ab y B oom ers ( B orn B etw een 1 946 a n d 1 964) T he b ab y b oom g en era tio n g a in ed it s n am e b eca u se o f t h e “ b oom ” in b ab ie s t h at o ccu rre d a ft e r s o ld ie rs r e tu rn ed h om e f r o m W orld W ar I I. N ev e r b efo re h ad t h ere b een ( n or h as t h ere b een s in ce ) s u ch a la rg e g en era tio n . M ost b oom ers h ad t o c o m pete w it h m em bers o f th eir o w n g en era tio n fo r e m plo ym en t a n d p ro m otio n s a n d w ork ed h ard to a d va n ce in th e w ork p la ce . B ab y b oom ers r e d ein ed s o cie ty w it h t h eir s o cia l a n d p oli t ic a l s e n sib ili t ie s a n d c h an ged m an y a sp ects o f t h e w ork p la ce . B ab y b oom ers w ere th e ir s t g en era tio n th at g re w u p w atc h in g T V. T hey a ls o in tr o d uce d ro ck -a n d-r o ll m usic in to A m eric a n c u lt u re a s c o n su m ers a n d w ere in str u m en ta l in t h e c iv il r ig h ts a n d w om en ’s m ove m en ts o f t h e 1 960s a n d t h e p ea ce m ove m en t d urin g th e V ie tn am W ar. Id en ti ie d in p art b y th eir o p tim is m , id ea li s m , a n d c o m petit iv e n ess, b ab y b oom ers a re w illi n g t o a cce p t c h an ge a n d w ork h ard f o r a c a u se ( S h ra gay & T zin er, 2 011). B oom ers t e n d t o e m phasiz e a ch ie v e m en t a n d w ork o ve r p ers o n al li f e ( C ra m pto n & H od ge 2 007). C han ges in t e ch n olo gy h av e co m pelle d m an y of th em to le a rn n ew sk ills th ro u gh ou t th eir w ork liv e s, partic u la rly in re ce n t ye a rs , as t e ch n olo gic a l a d va n ce s h av e s p ed u p . I n t h e w ork p la ce t h ey t e n d t o “ v a lu e s u cce ss, t e a m work , a n d c h alle n ges, m ain ta in a f a v o ra b le r e la tio n sh ip w it h t h eir s u p erio rs , a n d a ck n ow le d ge t h e i m porta n ce o f t h eir c o lle a g u es” ( S h ra gay & T zin er, 2 011, p . 1 44). G en era tio n X ( B orn B etw een 1 965 a n d 1 979) T he g en era tio n X p op ula tio n is s m all c o m pare d t o p re v io u s g en era tio n s; d em ogra p hers o rig in ally c a lle d it t h e b ab y b u st g en era tio n . W it h t h e a d ve n t o f t h e w om en ’s r ig h ts m ove m en t, g re a te r o p portu n it ie s in e d uca tio n a n d t h e w ork p la ce fo r w om en , m ore a cce ss t o c o n tr a ce p tio n , t h e r is e in d iv o rc e r a te s, a n d g re a te r in an cia l in sta b ili t y th an in th e p ost– W orld W ar I I y e a rs , t h e b oom ers w ere r e lu cta n t t o h av e f a m ili e s a s la rg e a s t h e o n es in w hic h t h ey g re w u p . T his im bala n ce in p op ula tio n c a u se d m an y o f t h e e x p erie n ce s o f g en era tio n X to b e d om in ate d b y b ab y b oom ers w ho h eld ( a n d in m an y c a se s c o n tin ue t o h old ) a u th orit y p osit io n s i n e m plo ym en t, p oli t ic s, a n d e d uca tio n . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 7/4 2 G en era tio n X ’s e x p osu re t o t h e w orld v ia t e le v is io n , v id eo g a m es, a n d t h en c o m pute rs e x p an ded t h eir w orld vie w b u t a ls o e n co u ra g ed s k ep tic is m . T hey g re w u p w it h a r is in g d iv o rc e r a te , V ie tn am a n d it s d em ora li z in g a ft e rm ath , W ate rg a te , a n d t h e I r a n ia n h osta g e c ris is . M ost g en X ers a re h ig h ly a w are o f t h e d an gers w it h in s o cie ty a n d h av e b een fu lly e x p ose d to t h e c o rru p tio n a n d d ysfu n ctio n s t h at e x is t i n s o m e s o cia l i n stit u tio n s. G en era lly , g en X ers a re m ore a p t t o v a lu e a b ala n ce b etw een w ork a n d p ers o n al li f e t h an b oom ers . A lt h ou gh m an y w ere l a tc h key k id s t h em se lv e s, t h ey t e n d t o h av e a s tr o n g f o cu s o n p are n tin g a n d a ctiv e ly p artic ip ate in th eir c h ild re n ’s liv e s a n d a ctiv it ie s ( H an se n & L eu ty , 2 012; S h ra gay & T zin er, 2 011). C are er s e cu rit y , o r e m plo ya b ili t y in t h eir c h ose n p ro fe ssio n , t e n ds t o b e m ore im porta n t th an jo b s e cu rit y fo r g en X ers . T hey t e n d t o b e s e lf – r e li a n t a n d in dep en den t, a n tic ip atin g t h at t h ey w ill c h an ge jo b s a n d e m plo ye rs s e v e ra l t im es d urin g t h eir c a re ers . R ath er th an e x p ectin g a n e m plo ye r to v a lu e th eir w ork a n d r e ta in th em a s e m plo ye es, g en X ers s e ek to b u ild a p ortfo li o o f s k ills , t a k in g r e sp on sib ili t y t o m ark et t h ose s k ills a n d p ro m ote th em se lv e s. T hey te n d to b e lo ya l to t h eir c o lle a g u es a n d m an ag ers , r a th er t h an t h e o rg a n iz a tio n f o r w hic h t h ey w ork ( N eil, 2 010). M ille n nia ls ( B orn B etw een 1 980 a n d 2 000) M ille n nia ls h av e a lr e a d y re a ch ed p arit y , in te rm s o f p erc e n ta g e o f th e w ork fo rc e (3 3% ) a s co m pare d to th ose in g en era tio n X ( 3 2% ) a n d b ab y b oom ers ( 3 1% ) ( H arte r & A gra w al, 2 014). T hey s h are w it h g en X ers a g lo b al p ers p ectiv e a n d u n pre ce d en te d a cce ss to in fo rm atio n a n d co m mun ic a tio n . M ille n nia ls a re a ls o th e m ost e th n ic a lly a n d ra cia lly d iv e rs e g en era tio n in t h e w ork fo rc e . A m on g m ille n nia ls , 1 8.5 % a re H is p an ic ; 1 4.2 % B la ck ; 4 .3 % A sia n ; a n d 3 .2 % m ix e d r a ce o r o th er. J u st 5 9.8 % a re W hit e ( K eeto r & T ay lo r, 2 009). T hey t e n d t o b e c o m fo rta b le w ork in g in d iv e rs e s e ttin gs a n d g ro u p s a n d m ore a p t t o d em an d a w ork c u lt u re t h at a d dre sse s t h eir n eed s. F o r m ost m ille n nia ls , “ w ork is m ea n in gfu l if t h ey f e el m ea n in gfu l” ( T w en ge, 2 014, p . 2 70). M an y m ille n nia ls h av e g ro w n u p r e ce iv in g a g re a t d ea l o f a tte n tio n fr o m th eir p are n ts , w ho h av e e n co u ra g ed th em to b eli e v e t h at t h ey c a n a ch ie v e a n yth in g. T here fo re , m an y s e ek i n div id ual a tte n tio n a n d c o n tin ual f e ed back f r o m m an ag ers i n th e w ork p la ce (S u ja n sk y & F erri- R eed , 2 009). M an ag ers s h ou ld b e s u re to s h ow a p pre cia tio n fo r w ork ers o f th is g en era tio n , i f t h ey s e ek t o r e ta in t h em . M ille n nia ls o ft e n n eed l i t tle t r a in in g i n t h e a p pli c a tio n s o f b asic c o m pute r a n d s o cia l m ed ia t e ch n olo gy, b eca u se t h ey g re w u p w it h i n sta n t a cce ss t o i n fo rm atio n , c o m mun ic a tio n , a n d r e sp on se s. T hey h av e e x p erie n ce d r a p id ly s h if t in g e co n om ie s, d em ogra p hic s, a n d t e ch n olo gy t h eir w hole liv e s a n d u su ally a d ap t e a sily to c h an ge. In k eep in g w it h th ese e x p erie n ce s, m ille n nia ls t e n d t o v a lu e a n d p ra ctic e c o n nectiv it y a n d m ult it a sk in g. F o r e xa m ple , t e x tin g o r w eb b ro w sin g d urin g o fic e m eetin gs m ay n ot b e v ie w ed a s p ro b le m atic b y s o m e m ille n nia ls , w here a s m an y o f t h eir o ld er c o lle a g u es t e n d t o p erc e iv e t h ose a ctiv it ie s a s d is tr a ctin g a n d a s ig n o f i n atte n tio n a n d d is re sp ect ( T ale n t M an ag em en t T ea m , E xe cu tiv e O ffi ce , U nit e d N atio n s J o in t S ta ff P en sio n F u n d, n .d .; S h ra gay & T zin er, 2 011). R ece n t e co n om ic d ev e lo p m en ts m ay s h atte r m ille n nia ls ’ o p tim is tic s e n se o f b ein g a b le to a ch ie v e a n yth in g. In to d ay ’s t ig h t j o b m ark et, c o lle g e g ra d uate s o ft e n in d t h at e v e n t h e b est c re d en tia ls d o n ot g u ara n te e t h em t h e p osit io n s t h ey m ay b eli e v e t h ey d ese rv e . M ore o ve r, m an y a re i n d eb t a n d c a n not a ffo rd t o w ait f o r t h e p erfe ct p osit io n . J u st o ve r 7 0% o f t h ose w ho g ra d uate d f r o m c o lle g e i n 2 012 h ad s tu d en t lo an d eb t. T he a v e ra g e d eb t o f t h ose w ho h ad t a k en o u t a s tu d en t lo an w as j u st u n der $ 3 0,0 00 ( P ro je ct o n S tu d en t D eb t, 2 013). T here fo re , m ost c o lle g e g ra d uate s n eed t o in d a jo b a s s o on a s p ossib le t o a v o id f a lli n g b eh in d o n t h eir l o an p ay m en ts . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 8/4 2 T his v id eo p ro vid es a n o ve rv ie w o f t h e a ttit u d es o f d if fe re n t g en era tio n s, f r o m t h e s ile n t g en era tio n , t o t h e t e en ag ers o f g en era tio n Z . I n te rse ctio n ali t y a n d W ork ers o f D if fe re n t G en era tio n s A lt h ou gh it is im porta n t to b e a w are o f th e g en era tio n al d if fe re n ce s in th e w ork p la ce d is c u sse d th u s fa r, it is a ls o n ece ssa ry t o r e m em ber t h at s w eep in g g en era li z a tio n s s h ou ld n ot b e m ad e f o r a ll w ork ers o f a p artic u la r g en era tio n . A s w e k n ow f r o m t h e c o n ce p t o f i n te rs e ctio n ali t y , p eo p le ’s v a ry in g s ta tu s p osit io n s ( r a ce , e th n ic it y , s e x , r e li g io n , s o cia l c la ss, s e xu al o rie n ta tio n , a n d s o o n ) a ls o in lu en ce th eir e x p erie n ce s a n d p ers p ectiv e s. M ore o ve r, in a g lo b al w ork p la ce , a ll m em bers o f th e s a m e g en era tio n a re n ot e x p ecte d to s h are th e s a m e v a lu es a n d a ttit u d es. T he li f e e x p erie n ce s o f a w ork er b orn b etw een 1 946 a n d 1 964 i n C hin a a n d a b ab y b oom er i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s, f o r e xa m ple , w ill n o d ou bt b e v e ry d if fe re n t. T he s a m e w ou ld h old t r u e f o r w ork ers ( e v e n o f t h e s a m e r a ce ) b orn in L os A ngele s a n d r u ra l K an sa s. H ow ev e r, i t m ak es s e n se t o u n ders ta n d t h e u n iq u e c h alle n ges a n d o p portu n it ie s th at fa ce e a ch g en era tio n a n d h ow th eir u n iq u e g en era tio n al e x p erie n ce s im pact t h eir a ttit u d es a n d b eh av io rs a t w ork . W e n ow t u rn t o t h e c h alle n ges in th e w ork p la ce f a cin g e a ch g en era tio n . C h ara cte ris tic s o f G en era tio n s N EX T 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 2 9/4 2 C hara cte ris tic s o f G en era tio ns F ro m T it le : I t’s A ll A bout M e ( h ttp s://fo d.in fo base .c o m /P orta lP la ylis ts .a sp x? w ID =100753& xtid = 65001) C rit ic a l T hin kin g Q uestio n s 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 0/4 2 6 .2 C h alle n ge s F a cin g t h e D if fe re n t G en era tio n s i n t h e W ork p la ce A m on g th e g en era tio n s, y o u n g jo b s e ek ers , in p artic u la r, te n d to h av e a b ad r e p uta tio n . T hey h av e b een c a lle d s e l is h , i n co n sid era te , im matu re , a n d e v e n n arc is sis tic ( S te in , 2 013; C ham orro -P re m uzic , 2 014; T w en ge, 2 014). I n o rd er to in d j o b s, th ey h av e to o ve rc o m e th is im ag e a s w ell a s a v e ry to u gh jo b m ark et. In a s lo w -g ro w th , p ost– G re a t R ece ssio n e co n om y, t h ese w ork ers f a ce e m plo ye rs w ho h av e m an y p ote n tia l e m plo ye es f r o m w hom t o c h oose a n d e x p ect t h ose t h ey h ir e t o a lr e a d y h av e w ork e x p erie n ce ( S o lm on & C orc o d ilo s, 2 013). Y o u n g jo b s e ek ers f a ce c o m petit io n f r o m e x p erie n ce d w ork ers , m an y o f w hom h av e b een l a id o ff a n d n ow s e ek e m plo ym en t a n yw here , e v e n i n e n tr y -le v e l p osit io n s. M an y m id dle -a g ed w ork ers w ho h av e c li m bed t o m id -le v e l p osit io n s f e a r t h at t h ey c a n n o lo n ger s w it c h jo b s a n d r e ta in t h eir c u rre n t l e v e l o f i n co m e i n a n e co n om y in w hic h in co m es ( a ft e r c o n tr o lli n g f o r in la tio n ) h av e r e m ain ed s ta g n an t o r a ctu ally f a lle n o ve r t h e p ast f e w d eca d es ( D esilv e r, 2 014). S o m e o ld er w ork ers a re r e lu cta n t o r e v e n u n ab le t o r e tir e , a s t h ey w orry a b ou t h av in g e n ou gh m on ey t o s u rv iv e in r e tir e m en t. W e w ill n ow t a k e a c lo se r lo ok a t t h ese is su es, s ta rtin g w it h t h ose f a cin g y o u n ger w ork ers . Y o u n ge r W ork ers M ille n nia l j o b s e ek ers g re w u p i n a n a g e o f t e ch n olo gy a n d i n sta n t c o m mun ic a tio n t h at le ft m an y o f t h em ill p re p are d f o r t h e h u rd le s t h ey w ou ld n eed t o o ve rc o m e in t h e jo b m ark et. A ccu sto m ed to c o m mun ic a tin g th ro u gh te x tin g, m an y la ck e x p erie n ce b u ild in g p ers o n al r e la tio n sh ip s w it h p eo p le in t h eir p ro fe ssio n a n d c re a tin g s o cia l c o n nectio n s t o h elp th em l a n d a j o b . T hey t e n d n ot t o f a re w ell i n i n te rv ie w s, w here t h ey m ust c o n ve rs e a n d i m pre ss p ote n tia l e m plo ye rs w it h t h eir c o m mun ic a tio n s k ills ( T w en ge, 2 014; D av id so n , 2 013; S ch aw bel, 2 013). E m plo ye rs a ls o t e n d t o e x p ect i n te rv ie w ees t o c o n vey a w illi n gn ess t o w ork h ard . U sin g a lo n git u d in al a n aly sis o f s u rv ey s t a k en o f h ig h s c h ool s e n io rs e v e ry y e a r s in ce 1 976, p sy ch olo gis t J e a n T w en ge a n d h er c o lle a g u es f o u n d t h at in 2 012, 4 0% o f h ig h s c h ool s e n io rs ( m ille n nia ls ) s ta te d t h at “ n ot w an tin g t o w ork h ard ” m ig h t p re v e n t t h em f r o m g ettin g a d esir e d jo b . W hen h ig h s c h ool s e n io rs w ere a sk ed t h is q u estio n in 1 976 ( b ab y b oom ers ), o n ly 2 4% r e sp on ded in t h is w ay ( T w en ge, 2 014). I n te rv ie w s r e q u ir e a n i n ve stm en t o f t im e a n d w ork . S u cce ssfu l c a n did ate s t e n d t o c a re fu lly p re p are f o r t h em ; t h ey c o n duct r e se a rc h o n t h e c o m pan y a n d m an ag ers d oin g t h e in te rv ie w in g, p re p are a n sw ers t o p ossib le q u estio n s, a n d p ut t h ou gh t in to s e le ctin g a p pro p ria te a ttir e . M ille n nia ls a re o ft e n u nw illi n g o r u n aw are o f h ow to p re p are fo r, m uch le ss e xce l a t, j o b i n te rv ie w s ( P B S N ew sH ou r , 2 013; A lg er, 2 014). I n te rn sh ip s c a n h elp m ille n nia ls b eco m e b ette r p re p are d t o l a n d a g o od j o b a ft e r c o lle g e. T his f a ct g iv e s t h ose w ho d o n ot n eed p aid w ork d urin g c o lle g e t o s u p port t h em se lv e s a n d p ossib ly t h eir f a m ily a n a d va n ta g e. A lt h ou gh a m ajo rit y ( 7 2% ) o f c o lle g e s tu d en ts w ork , a n d s o m e ( 2 0% ) w ork fu ll tim e w hile in s c h ool ( D av is , 2 012), m ost w ork a t re la tiv e ly lo w – i n co m e j o b s t h ey s e ek t o l e av e o n ce t h ey a tta in t h eir d eg re e. I n te rn sh ip s, o n t h e o th er h an d, p ro vid e s o m e o f t h e t y p e o f w ork e x p erie n ce s o u gh t b y e m plo ye rs in r e la tiv e ly h ig h -p ay in g p ro fe ssio n s. T hey a ls o h elp s tu d en ts d ete rm in e if th ey e n jo y w ork in g in a p artic u la r ie ld . In te rn sh ip s a ls o g iv e s tu d en ts e x p erie n ce w ork in g a lo n gsid e o th er m em bers o f th e p ro fe ssio n al w ork fo rc e , i n clu d in g o ld er w ork ers , w ho c a n h elp s tu d en ts g a in b oth t h e s o cia l ( w ho y o u k n ow ) a n d c u lt u ra l ( w hat y o u k n ow ) c a p it a l n eed ed t o in d— an d s u cce ed i n — a g o od j o b . A s n ote d e a rli e r, m ille n nia ls te n d to d esir e c o n tin ual fe ed back fr o m th eir e m plo ye r. T hey w an t to u n ders ta n d th eir m an ag er’s lo gic in a ssig n in g t a sk s a n d w heth er t h eir m an ag er t h in ks t h ey a re d oin g a g o od jo b . T hey m ay o ft e n e x p ect t h is f e ed back i m med ia te ly , n ot j u st d urin g a n a n nual r e v ie w . T w en ge ( 2 014) o ffe rs t h e f o llo w in g a d vic e t o y o u n g w ork ers w ho s e ek s u ch i n put f r o m m an ag ers w ho m ig h t b e o f a d if fe re n t g en era tio n a n d u n accu sto m ed t o s u ch d em an ds: T ell t h em y o u w an t t o k n ow . . . w hy o r w an t f a ste r f e ed back b eca u se i t w ill h elp y o u d o a b ette r j o b . D on’t s o u n d a s i f y o u a re j u st is h in g f o r p ra is e o r w hin in g a b ou t “ w hy, w hy, w hy” y o u h av e t o d o s o m eth in g. L et p eo p le k n ow i t w ill i n cre a se y o u r m otiv a tio n a n d d riv e , a n d t h ey ’l l b e m ore l i k ely t o p ro vid e t h e f e ed back y o u c ra v e . ( p . 2 74) M ille n nia ls b rin g a r a n ge o f im porta n t s k ills to th e w ork p la ce (a d ap ta b ili t y , te ch n olo gic a l p ro ic ie n cy, e n th u sia sm fo r u n ders ta n din g t h eir jo b ) t h at m ak e t h em h ig h ly v a lu ab le . W ork p la ce s t h at c a n t a p in to t h ose s k ills a n d h elp m ille n nia ls c o m mun ic a te a n d w ork e ffe ctiv e ly w it h o ld er g en era tio n s i n t h e w ork p la ce w ill g re a tly b en eit f r o m t h eir e ffo rts t o d o s o . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 1/4 2 W hat W ou ld Y o u D o? W hic h G en era tio n o f W ork ers W ou ld Y o u H ir e ? S u p pose y o u a re a 4 0-y e a r-o ld m an ag er o f a b u ild in g-s u p ply s to re . Y o u h av e t o h ir e a n a ssis ta n t m an ag er. Y o u h av e r e ce iv e d m ore th an 2 00 a p pli c a tio n s fo r th e p osit io n . W hat w ou ld y o u lo ok fo r in p ote n tia l a p pli c a n ts o n b oth t h eir r és u m és a n d in t h e jo b in te rv ie w ? W hy? W ou ld y o u c o n sid er h ir in g s o m eo n e r ig h t o u t o f c o lle g e? W hy o r w hy n ot? D o y o u t h in k y o u w ou ld f a v o r s o m eo n e f r o m a p artic u la r g en era tio n ? W hy o r w hy n ot? O ld er W ork ers A lm ost 1 o u t o f e v e ry 7 re sid en ts o f th e U nit e d S ta te s is n ow o ve r 6 5 (U .S . C en su s B ure a u , 2 014b). B ab y b oom ers r e p re se n t th e la rg est g en era tio n al g ro u p , co n sis tin g o f a p pro xim ate ly 7 6 m illi o n p eo p le liv in g in th e U nit e d S ta te s ( P olla rd & S co m meg n a, 2 014). B y 2 030, w hen t h e t a il e n d o f t h e b ab y b oom ers h as t u rn ed 6 5, a lm ost 1 o u t o f 5 p eo p le in t h e U nit e d S ta te s w ill b e 6 5 o r o ld er ( P ew R ese a rc h C en te r, 2 010). F o r s e v e ra l r e a so n s, a p pro xim ate ly 3 5% o f w ork ers a t r e tir e m en t a g e w ill s ta y in th e w ork fo rc e lo n ger th an in it ia lly a n tic ip ate d (P ew R ese a rc h C en te r, 2 010; C D C, 2 012). T hese fa cto rs in clu d e lo st re tir e m en t s a v in gs d urin g th e G re a t R ece ssio n , fe w er p en sio n s o ffe re d b y c o m pan ie s, a v e ry lo w s a v in gs r a te a m on g w ork ers , a n d th e r is in g a g e a t w hic h p eo p le c a n r e ce iv e fu ll S o cia l S ecu rit y b en eit s a n d M ed ic a re c o ve ra g e. B eca u se p eo p le o ve r a g e 6 5 m ore fr e q u en tly r e p ort p oor h ea lt h o r p hysic a l li m it a tio n s th an y o u n ger p eo p le , c o sts fo r h ea lt h b en eit s w ill li k ely in cre a se , im pactin g b oth e m plo ye rs a n d e m plo ye es. “ A d ir e ct r e la tio n sh ip s till e x is ts b etw een in cre a sin g a g e, in cre a sin g h ea lt h r is k s, a n d t h e a sso cia te d m ed ic a l c o sts ” ( C D C, 2 012, p . 3 ). T here fo re , e m plo ye rs c a n e x p ect m ore a b se n te eis m a lo n g w it h r is in g c o sts f o r h ea lt h c a re c o ve ra g e. I n o rd er t o o ffs e t t h e p ote n tia l h ea lt h c a re c o sts o f o ld er w ork ers , it m ak es s e n se fo r c o m pan ie s to th in k a b ou t h ow to i m pro ve w ork in g c o n dit io n s fo r b ab y b oom er e m plo ye es. D oin g s o c a n r e d uce h ea lt h -r e la te d c o sts a n d im pro ve b oth p ro d uctiv it y a n d w ork er m ora le . T he e ffo rts o f B M W p ro vid e a g o od e xa m ple o f h ow a c o m pan y c a n e ffe ctiv e ly r e sp on d t o t h e n eed s o f a n o ld er w ork fo rc e . In 2 007 B M W c o n ducte d a p ilo t p ro je ct in it s p la n t in D in go l in g, L ow er B av a ria , to i m pro ve c o n dit io n s f o r o ld er w ork ers o n t h eir a sse m bly li n es. M ak in g u se o f s u ggestio n s f r o m e m plo ye es, th e c o m pan y i n ve ste d j u st $ 5 0,6 00 t o p ut 7 0 c h an ges i n to p la ce , i n clu d in g: r e p la cin g c e m en t lo ors w it h w ood en p la tfo rm s t o r e d uce t h e i m pact o n k n ees, i n sta lli n g b arb ers h op c h air s t o a llo w w ork ers t o s it a t w ork sta tio n s, o ffe rin g o rth op ed ic f o otw ea r t o r e d uce t h e s tr a in o n f e et, a n d d ev e lo p in g a d ju sta b le w ork ta b le s t o r e d uce p hysic a l s ta in a n d f a cili t a te p ers o n nel r o ta tio n d urin g s h if t s ( C D C, 2 012). T he r e su lt s ? I n t h e ir s t y e a r, t h e o ld er w ork ers s h ow ed a 7 % in cre a se in p ro d uctiv it y , f a rin g w ell in c o m paris o n t o li n es s ta ffe d b y y o u n ger w ork ers . M ore o ve r, a b se n te eis m a m on g t h ese w ork ers d ro p ped f r o m 7 % to 2 % o ve r th e y e a r. S in ce t h is s u cce ssfu l p ilo t s tu dy, B M W h as im ple m en te d th ese c h an ges in o th er fa cto rie s ( L och , S tin g, B au er, & M au erm an n, 2 010). C la ss is a n oth er is su e t h at im pacts o ld er w ork ers , s p eci ic a lly w hic h o n es r e m ain in t h e w ork fo rc e . W ho d o y o u t h in k is m ost li k ely to c o n tin ue w ork in g a s th ey a g e— whit e -c o lla r o r b lu e-c o lla r w ork ers ? It te n ds to b e th e c a se th at h ig h ly e d uca te d p eo p le w ho w ork p rim arily in w hit e -c o lla r p osit io n s a re m uch m ore li k ely t o w ork lo n ger t h an t h ose w it h le ss e d uca tio n , w ho w ork , f o r t h e m ost p art, i n b lu e-c o lla r j o b s. F o r e xa m ple , i n 2 010, 2 o u t o f 3 m en b etw een 6 2 a n d 7 4 y e a rs o ld w it h p ro fe ssio n al d eg re es o r d octo ra te s w ere s till w ork in g, c o m pare d to o n ly 1 o u t o f 3 m en th is a g e w it h a h ig h s c h ool d ip lo m a ( B urtle ss, 2 013). N o d ou bt, th e m ore p hysic a lly d em an din g w ork ty p ic a l o f b lu e-c o lla r la b or p la y s a n i m porta n t f a cto r i n t h ese d if fe re n ce s i n p artic ip atio n i n t h e w ork fo rc e . W ork p la ce T ra n sfo rm atio n s 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 2/4 2 A m eric a n M ovie C la ssic s ( A M C)/ R adic a l M ed ia /A lb u m /S u perS to ck T he t e le v is io n p ro gra m M ad M en i s o n e d ep ic tio n o f h ow t h e w ork p la ce c h an ge d b etw een 1 960 a n d 1 970. B ab y b oom ers , th e m ajo rit y o f o ld er w ork ers in to d ay ’s w ork fo rc e , tr a n sfo rm ed t h e w ork p la ce m ore t h an a n y o th er s o cia l g ro u p . T hey b ega n t o e n te r t h e w ork in g w orld in t h e m id -1 960s, w hen m ost e m plo ye es w ere m en a n d w hit e -c o lla r w ork w as r e la tiv e ly n ew . M ost b u sin esse s o f t h at e ra w ere f o cu se d o n lo ca l o r in te rs ta te m ark ets . S in ce t h e 1 960s, h ow ev e r, c h ara cte ris tic s o f th e w ork p la ce h av e e v o lv e d in m an y w ay s, d ue to th e in lu en ce o f b ab y b oom ers . K ey c o n tr ib u tio n s th is g en era tio n m ad e t o w ork l i f e i n clu d e t h e f o llo w in g: T he b ab y b oom ers w ere t h e ir s t g en era tio n i n w hic h t h e m ajo rit y o f m id dle -c la ss w om en j o in ed t h e p aid w ork fo rc e ( m ost w ork in g-c la ss w om en a n d w om en o f c o lo r h ad a lw ay s b een e m plo ye d ). T his g en era tio n s u cce ssfu lly a d vo ca te d f o r l a n dm ark l e g is la tio n l i k e t h e C iv il R ig h ts A ct o f 1 964 a n d t h e A m eric a n s W it h D is a b ili t ie s A ct o f 1 990, w hic h d ecre a se d d is c rim in atio n i n t h e w ork p la ce . O SH A, e sta b li s h ed i n 1 970, h elp ed m ak e t h e w ork p la ce s a fe r f o r m an y w ork ers o f t h is a n d l a te r g en era tio n s. B ab y b oom ers h av e a ls o c o n tr ib u te d t o t h e d ev e lo p m en t o f g lo b al e n te rp ris e . T hey a re r e sp on sib le fo r d ev e lo p in g m ore in dep en den tly o w ned b u sin esse s th an e v e r b efo re , a s w ell a s c re a tin g t h e la rg est n on pro it s e cto r in t h e h is to ry o f t h e U nit e d S ta te s. T his m ea n s th at, a s b ab y b oom ers r e tir e , e m plo ye rs s h ou ld a n tic ip ate a n e xp ertis e d eic it , e sp ecia lly in v o ca tio n al a re a s th at re q u ir e a d va n ce d d eg re es o r c e rti ic a tio n s a n d p ro fe ssio n al s k ills . S o m e c o m pan ie s h av e p re p are d f o r t h is t r a n sit io n b y e sta b li s h in g s u cce ssio n p la n s t h at r e ly o n t e ch n olo gic a l a p pli c a tio n s t o t r a ck a n d d ocu m en t in fo rm atio n . F o r e xa m ple , a s e m plo ye es u n derg o r e g u la r a sse ssm en ts , c o m pute r p ro gra m s c a n i d en tif y t h eir t a le n ts a n d p re p are c o lo r-c o d ed c o m paris o n s o f e m plo ye es’ r e a d in ess t o s te p in to d if fe re n t p osit io n s. E m plo yin g th is p ra ctic e w ill e n su re th at in stit u tio n al m om en tu m w ill n ot b e lo st a s e m plo ye es r e tir e , b eco m e d is a b le d , d ie , o r in d e m plo ym en t e ls e w here . O th er c o m pan ie s f o cu s o n r e cru it m en t e ffo rts t o e n tic e w ork ers w ho w ill g ra d uate f r o m u n iv e rs it ie s w it h s im ila r d eg re es a s t h eir e m plo ye es n ea r r e tir e m en t, h op in g t h at n ew w ork ers w ill b e i n p la ce in t im e f o r t h em t o r e ce iv e m en to rin g f r o m s e n io r s ta ff. S till o th ers a cce ss th e e x p ertis e o f re tir e es a s h ir e d co n su lt a n ts . T he co m pan y Y o u rE nco re (2 015), fo r e xa m ple , r e cru it s r e tir e es w ho h av e h eld p ro fe ssio n al jo b s a n d m atc h es th eir e x p ertis e w it h c o m pan ie s fo r s h ort-te rm p ro je cts . A s m ore w ork ers a p pro ach r e tir e m en t a g e, it m ak es s e n se fo r e m plo ye rs to in d w ay s to k eep e ffe ctiv e o ld er w ork ers w ork in g l o n ger. A ge is m T he t e rm g e n era tio n g a p , t h e d if fe re n ce s i n o u tlo ok a n d v ie w s b etw een p eo p le o f d if fe re n t g en era tio n s, w as p op ula riz e d i n t h e 1 960s b y b ab y b oom ers w ho h eld t h at o ld er a d ult s w ere o u t o f t o u ch w it h m od ern t im es a n d w ere h old in g o n to i r re le v a n t t r a d it io n al v a lu es. “ D on’t t r u st a n yo n e o ve r 3 0” w as a p op ula r s lo ga n o f t h e d ay. Y e t o n e o f t h e p rim ary s o cia l i s su es i n a w ork fo rc e d om in ate d b y b ab y b oom ers t o d ay i s a ge is m , o r d is c rim in atio n b ase d o n o ld a g e a n d t h e p ro ce ss o f a g in g i t s e lf ( M ark so n & S te in , 2 012). D esp it e t h e fa ct th at th e b ab y b oom g en era tio n e x p erie n ce d ( a n d h elp ed b rin g a b ou t) tr e m en dou s s o cia l c h an ges, th e s te re o ty p e t h at o ld er w ork ers a re s e t in t h eir w ay s p ers is ts . I n g en era tio n a ft e r g en era tio n , y o u n ger w ork ers t e n d t o s e e o ld er w ork ers a s o ld -fa sh io n ed , le ss in nova tiv e , a n d le ss p ro d uctiv e th an th eir y o u n ger c o u n te rp arts . S tu d ie s in dic a te , h ow ev e r, t h at t h ese s te re o ty p es, t h ou gh p ers is te n t, h av e li t tle t o d o w it h t h e r e a li t ie s o f th e w ork p la ce . M an ag ers o ft e n p erc e iv e o ld er w ork ers t o b e l e ss p ro d uctiv e , b u t w hen t h eir a ctu al p ro d uctiv it y is c o m pare d t o t h at o f y o u n ger w ork ers , t h ere i s n o s ig n i ic a n t d if fe re n ce b etw een t h e t w o g ro u p s ( B urtle ss, 2 013). T he A ge D is c rim in atio n in E m plo ym en t A ct o f 1 967 d ecla re d it u n la w fu l fo r e m plo ye rs w it h 2 0 o r m ore e m plo ye es to d is c rim in ate a ga in st e m plo ye es o r j o b a p pli c a n ts 4 0 o r o ve r b eca u se o f t h eir a g e “ w it h r e sp ect t o a n y t e rm , c o n dit io n , o r p riv ile g e of em plo ym en t, in clu d in g h ir in g, ir in g, p ro m otio n , la y o ff, co m pen sa tio n , b en eit s , jo b assig n m en ts , an d t r a in in g” (E EO C, 2 014a, p ara . 1 ). In 2 013 alo n e, h ow ev e r, th e E EO C d ea lt w it h m ore th an 2 1,3 96 cla im s of ag e 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 3/4 2 d is c rim in atio n , w it h a p pro xim ate ly o n e t h ir d e n din g w it h l e ga l s e ttle m en ts . T hese s e ttle m en ts t o ta le d a lm ost $ 9 8 m illi o n ( E EO C, 2 014b). D esp it e t h e s te re o ty p es t o t h e c o n tr a ry , o ld er w ork ers h av e p ro ve d t o b e m ore a d ap ta b le t h an m an y y o u n ger w ork ers a n d m an ag ers p erc e iv e t h em t o b e. I n r e ce n t y e a rs , f o r e xa m ple , t h ey h av e n arro w ed t h e g en era tio n g a p in u se o f s o cia l m ed ia ( P ew R ese a rc h C en te r, 2 010). T his i s i m porta n t b eca u se , a lt h ou gh t h e r a te o f g en era tio n al t u rn ove r o f p eo p le h as s lo w ed a s m ore p eo p le w ork p ast r e tir e m en t a g e, t h e r a te o f t e ch n olo gic a l c h an ge in t h e w ork p la ce h as s p ed u p . A ll w ork ers — o ld er o n es i n clu d ed — must c o n tin ually a d ap t t o c h an gin g t e ch n olo gy. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 4/4 2 6 .3 T ech n olo gy a n d t h e W ork p la ce W ork ers o f a ll g en era tio n s h av e h ad t o a d ap t t o n ew f o rm s o f t e ch n olo gy i n t h e w ork p la ce . T ech n olo gy n ow p la y s a m ajo r r o le i n w ork l i f e , i n lu en cin g o u r w ork s p ace , h ow w e in d e m plo ym en t a n d e m plo ye es, a n d h ow w e w ork . I n t h e f o llo w in g s e ctio n s, w e e xa m in e t h ese i s su es. T he N ew W ork S p ace N ew t e ch n olo gie s a n d n ew w ork p ro ce sse s t h at a lt e r t h e s o cia l e x p erie n ce o f w ork h av e l e d t o n ew w ork s p ace s. B ase d o n t h e in dustr ia l m od el of th e 2 0th ce n tu ry , m ost w ork p la ce s w ere orig in ally se t u p to re se m ble p ro d uctio n li n es. D ep artm en ts w ere h ou se d in c lu ste rs u su ally s e p ara te d b y w alls . M an ag ers w ere h ou se d in c lo se p ro xim it y to w ork ers t h ey s u p erv is e d , to r e le ct th eir r o le s a s o ve rs e ers . In th e 1 990s, h ow ev e r, i n fo rm atio n te ch n olo gy s y ste m s b eca m e p re v a le n t; t h is in vo lv e d t h e s tu dy, d esig n , d ev e lo p m en t, im ple m en ta tio n , a n d s u p port o f c o m pute r s y ste m s th at p ro ce ss i n fo rm atio n . M an ag ers a n d e xe cu tiv e s w ho h ad p re v io u sly r e li e d o n s e cre ta rie s to p ro d uce c o rre sp on den ce a n d re p orts n ow u se d d esk to p c o m pute rs o f t h eir o w n, a n d r o le s s h if t e d a s m an ag em en t-le v e l e m plo ye es b ega n t o d o m uch o f t h eir o w n c le ric a l w ork . W ork ers , h ow ev e r, o ft e n f o u n d t h em se lv e s p erfo rm in g t h eir t a sk s i n c ro w ded o r c ra m ped s p ace s a s c o m pute rs t o ok u p s p ace t h at u se d t o b e c le a r. D esk s p ace w as r e p la ce d b y t h e d esk to p c o m pute r. B y t h e e a rly 2 000s, t h e a v a ila b ili t y o f c o m pute r t e ch n olo gy a t a ffo rd ab le p ric e s c a u se d w ork s p ace d esig n to s h if t fr o m d esk s to w ork sta tio n s , s m all a re a s in a w ork p la ce d ev o te d to o n e p ers o n . P re v io u sly , d esk s w ere d esig n ed a ro u n d w ork ers ’ n eed s, a llo w in g e a sy a rm ’s -le n gth a cce ss t o m ult ip le d ra w ers , ile s, a n d w ork to ols s u ch a s p en s, s ta p le rs , a n d n ote p ad s. W ork sta tio n s, h ow ev e r, w ere d esig n ed w it h c o m pute r e q u ip m en t in m in d, a llo w in g w ork ers a cce ss to th eir o w n p rin te rs a n d s c a n ners i n a d dit io n t o k ey b oard s, m on it o rs , a n d i n div id ual c o m pute rs . A s m ore w ork ers u se c o m pute rs , it is im porta n t to d esig n w ork sta tio n s in a w ay th at p re v e n ts c o m mon w ork p la ce i n ju rie s li k e c a rp al t u n nel s y n dro m e, w hic h c a n r e su lt f r o m r e p etit iv e w ork o n a c o m pute r. E m plo ye rs c a n u se in din gs f r o m e rg o n om ic s, t h e s tu dy o f h ow p ro d ucts c a n b e d esig n ed f o r o p tim al u se b y p eo p le , t o d esig n w ork sta tio n s t h at a llo w e m plo ye es t o w ork e fic ie n tly a n d s a fe ly . O SH A p ro vid es a c h eck li s t t o f o llo w in o rd er to d esig n a c o m fo rta b le a n d s a fe c o m pute r work sta tio n (s e e h ttp s:/ /w ww.o sh a.g o v/S LT C/e to ols / c o m pute rw ork sta tio n s/ ch eck li s t.h tm l ( h ttp s:/ /w ww.o sh a.g o v/S LT C/e to ols / co m pute rw ork sta tio n s/ ch eck li s t.h tm l) ) . T ech n olo gy h as a ls o tr a n sfo rm ed h ow w ork s p ace s b eco m e ille d w it h e m plo ye es. B oth p ro sp ectiv e e m plo ye es a n d e m plo ye rs n ow r e ly o n s o cia l m ed ia a s t h ey s e ek t o in d a n d ill p osit io n s. A p ro fe ssio n al p re se n ce o n s o cia l m ed ia h as b eco m e a n ece ssit y f o r m ost j o b s e ek ers a n d e m plo ye es t h ese d ay s. J o b S e ek ers’ a n d E m plo ye es’ U se o f S o cia l M ed ia G iv e n th e o n li n e p re se n ce o f e m plo ye rs , jo b se ek ers a n d e m plo ye es m ust b e a w are o f th e im ag e th ey p ortr a y of t h em se lv e s in t h eir o n li n e p ro ile s. T hey s h ou ld c a re fu lly c o n sid er w heth er a p ote n tia l o r c u rre n t e m plo ye r m ig h t v ie w t h eir a ctiv it ie s i n a p osit iv e o r n ega tiv e li g h t. I n o rd er t o m ak e t h eir o n li n e p re se n ce a p pea li n g t o e m plo ye rs , jo b s e ek ers a n d e m plo ye es s h ou ld : • m ak e s u re o n li n e p ro ile p ic tu re s a re p ro fe ssio n al; • c h eck t o s e e t h at p ro ile s a re e a sily a cce ssib le t o p ote n tia l e m plo ye rs ; • d ele te a n y n ega tiv e o r i n ap pro p ria te m essa g es o r p ic tu re s ( a n d b e s u re n ot t o s e n d a n y t o f r ie n ds w ho m ay p ost t h em ); • i n cre a se c o n nectio n s a n d g a in s o cia l c a p it a l t h ro u gh i n vit a tio n s t o o th ers o n L in ked In , F ace b ook, a n d s o o n . C on nect o n ly w it h t h ose w ho w ill h elp a n d n ot h u rt o n e’s r e p uta tio n ; a n d 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 5/4 2 F a kh ri- s a /iS to ck /T hin ksto ck J o b s e ek ers s h ou ld u se s o cia l m ed ia c a u tio u sly , b eca u se p ote n tia l e m plo ye rs l i k ely c h eck u p o n t h eir o n li n e p re se n ce . • s h ow c o m ple te d p ro je cts a n d h ig h li g h t t h eir s k ills o n li n e, s o p ote n tia l e m plo ye rs c a n s e e t h em . I f a j o b s e ek er h as c o m ple te d m ult ip le p ro je cts , h e o r s h e s h ou ld c o n sid er c re a tin g a n o n li n e p ortfo li o ( P hilli p s, 2 014). J o b a p pli c a n ts m ay n ev e r k n ow i f t h ey w ere n ot h ir e d b eca u se o f t h eir o n li n e p re se n ce . A lm ost h alf o f a ll em plo ye rs sa y th ey d o G oogle s e a rc h es o f a p pli c a n ts th ey a re c o n sid erin g h ir in g (4 3% , w it h 1 2% m ore s a y in g th ey p la n to d o so so on ). H alf o f th ose w ho d o su ch s e a rc h es s a y t h ey h av e f o u n d in fo rm atio n o n li n e t h at h as m ad e th em d ecid e n ot t o h ir e a n a p pli c a n t ( C are erB uild er, 2 014). S o m e in fo rm atio n em plo ye rs h av e fo u n d on li n e h as ca u se d so m e e m plo ye es t o g et ir e d . M an y s o cia l n etw ork in g b eh av io rs th at m ig h t s e em h arm le ss h av e n ega tiv e c o n se q u en ce s fo r w ork ers w hen th eir e m plo ye rs a re w atc h in g. S h arin g p ers o n al in fo rm atio n a n d p ic tu re s, p ostin g p ic tu re s of h eav y d rin kin g or ille ga l activ it y , co m pla in in g a b ou t w ork poli c ie s or sp eci ic em plo ye es, giv in g ou t pro te cte d c o m pan y in fo rm atio n , a n d le ttin g o th ers k n ow a b ou t a jo b in te rv ie w f o r a n oth er c o m pan y a re a ll r is k y b eh av io rs . W ork ers w ho u se s o cia l n etw ork in g s it e s s h ou ld re m em ber th at w hen p ostin g a n yth in g p ubli c ly , t h ey c o u ld b e s h arin g t h e i n fo rm atio n w it h t h eir b oss. W hat W ou ld Y o u D o? Y o u r O nli n e I m age I m ag in e th at y o u a re in th e m ark et fo r a n ew jo b . Y o u h av e ju st s u bm it te d s e v e ra l a p pli c a tio n s, a n d p ote n tia l e m plo ye rs a re n ow lo okin g y o u u p o n li n e. H ow d o y o u t h in k t h ey w ill r e a ct t o y o u r o n li n e im ag e? W ill it h elp o r h in der y o u r j o b p ro sp ects ? W hat c a n y o u d o t o i m pro ve y o u r o n li n e i m ag e? E m plo ye rs’ U se o f S o cia l M ed ia E m plo ye rs m ust a ls o c o n sid er h ow t h eir o rg a n iz a tio n a p pea rs o n li n e. T hey s h ou ld le a rn t o u se s o cia l m ed ia t o r e a ch o u t t o p ote n tia l c u sto m ers a n d e m plo ye es. It p ay s to h ir e p eo p le w ho c a n d ev e lo p e a sily a cce ssib le , a ttr a ctiv e s it e s th at i n te re ste d v ie w ers c a n e ffo rtle ssly n av ig a te . I t a ls o m ak es g o od e co n om ic s e n se fo r m an y e m plo ye rs to u se o n li n e to ols to in d e m plo ye es. A s o f 2 013, 7 7% o f c o m pan ie s u se d s o cia l m ed ia f o r r e cru it in g, a n d 2 o u t o f 3 c o m pan ie s p la n ned o n in cre a sin g th eir u se o f th is m ed iu m . A m on g t h ose w ho u se s o cia l m ed ia t o lo ok f o r e m plo ye es, m ost u se m ore t h an o n e s it e . F o r e xa m ple , 9 4% u se L in ked In , 5 4% u se F ace b ook, a n d 3 9% m ak e u se o f T w it te r ( B erm an , 2 013). R ecru it in g t h ro u gh s o cia l m ed ia s a v e s c o m pan ie s b oth t im e a n d m on ey b eca u se t h ey c a n s o rt t h ro u gh a n d r e a ch o u t t o p ote n tia l a p pli c a n ts s im ply b y c li c k in g a f e w b u tto n s. O nli n e S e cu rit y B re a ch es C om pan ie s c a n a ls o s a v e t im e a n d m on ey b y c o n ductin g b u sin ess o n li n e, a n d m ost c u sto m ers n ow e x p ect t h em t o d o s o . I n p re v io u s e ra s g o od c u sto m er s e rv ic e m ea n t a p le a sa n t f a ce -to -fa ce e n co u n te r, b u t t o d ay c o n su m ers e x p ect e a sy a cce ss t o in fo rm atio n a n d s e rv ic e s o n li n e. M an y b an ks, s u ch a s A lly B an k o r C ap it a l O ne 3 60, f o r e xa m ple , p ro vid e o n ly o n li n e s e rv ic e . T hen t h ere is A m azo n .c o m , t h e “ e v e ry th in g s to re ,” w hic h h as tr a n sfo rm ed r e ta il s h op pin g a n d p ut m an y b ric k – a n d-m orta r s to re s o u t o f b u sin ess ( S to n e, 2 014). H ow ev e r, o rg a n iz a tio n s th at c o n duct b u sin ess o n li n e m ust a ls o s p en d s ig n i ic a n t a m ou n ts o f m on ey o n s e cu rit y a n d m on it o r t h eir o n li n e p ro gra m s c a re fu lly f o r s e cu rit y b re a ch es. C om pute r n etw ork s c a n b e h ija ck ed , o r a cce sse d b y t h ir d – 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 6/4 2 p arty c o m pute r s y ste m s. U ndete cte d a tta ck s w it h m alw are ( s o ft w are c re a te d t o h arm c o m pute rs o r c o m pute r s y ste m s) c a n c a u se c o m pan ie s t o l o se p ro p rie ta ry i n fo rm atio n , m on ey, t im e, a n d a g o od r e p uta tio n . T arg et is o n e c o m pan y t h at k n ow s t h e th re a ts p ose d b y h ack in g a ll to o w ell. D urin g th e C hris tm as s h op pin g s e a so n o f 2 013, h ack ers b ro ke i n t o T arg et’s s y ste m a n d s to le 4 0 m illi o n c re d it c a rd n um bers a n d 7 0 m illi o n a d dre sse s a n d p hon e n um bers , a lo n g w it h o th er p ie ce s o f p ers o n al in fo rm atio n . B y F eb ru ary 1 , 2 014, T arg et h ad a lr e a d y s p en t $ 6 1 m illi o n r e sp on din g t o t h e h ack in g c ris is , in clu d in g 9 0 la w su it s fr o m d is tr e sse d c u sto m ers . T he c o m pan y’s r e p uta tio n w as a ls o b ad ly d am ag ed a s n ew s o f t h e c o m pute r b re a ch s p re a d w id ely . I t s f o u rth -q u arte r p ro it s f e ll 4 6% , d ue in p art t o t h e c o sts o f t h e b re a ch ( R ile y, E lg in , L aw re n ce , & M atla ck , 2 014; K im , 2 014). O th er m ajo r c y b era tta ck s t h at t o ok p la ce f r o m 2 012 t o 2 014 i n clu d e: t h e H ea rtb le ed b u g t h at a llo w s h ack ers t o o b ta in p assw ord s a n d o th er d ata u se rs p ut o n li n e; i t w as f o u n d i n 2 o u t o f 3 w eb s e rv e rs ; t h e a tta ck a ga in st A dob e S y ste m ’s s e cu rit y t h at r e su lt e d i n h ack ers o b ta in in g c re d it c a rd i n fo rm atio n f r o m 2 .9 m illi o n c u sto m ers a n d p assw ord s f r o m 3 8 m illi o n u se rs ; t h e a tta ck i n w hic h h ack ers a cce sse d t h e u se r n am es a n d p assw ord s o f 5 0 m illi o n u se rs o f t h e L iv in gS o cia l s it e ; t h e a tta ck i n w hic h 4 m illi o n p atie n t r e co rd s w ere s to le n f r o m A dvo ca te H ea lt h C are ’s c o m pute rs ; a n d t h e a tta ck a ga in st J P M org a n C hase t h at a ffe cte d 8 3 m illi o n h ou se h old s a n d b u sin esse s a n d i n vo lv e d c o n cu rre n t c y b era ssa u lt s o n 1 0 o th er in an cia l ir m s ( C on su m er R ep orts , 2 014; G old ste in , P erlo th , & S an ger, 2 014). I n a d dit io n to m ak in g c o n su m ers ’ p riv a te in fo rm atio n v u ln era b le to th eft , n ew te ch n olo gy h as m ad e w ork ers m ore v u ln era b le a s w ell. E m plo ye rs ’ u se o f te ch n olo gy to o ve rs e e a n d d ir e ct w ork ers h as a ls o d ra m atic a lly ch an ged th e w ork p la ce e x p erie n ce . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 7/4 2 P hoto Ta lk /E +/G ett y I m ages C o m pan ie s u se v a rio u s m eth od s t o m on it o r a n d t r a ck e m plo ye e a ctiv it ie s i n t h e w ork p la ce . 6 .4 M on it o rin g A ctiv it y i n t h e W ork p la ce T w o th ir d s o f e m plo ye rs m on it o r e m plo ye es’ e -m ail a n d e v e n te x ts ( P riv a cy R ig h ts C le a rin gh ou se , 2 014). E m plo ye es m ust be ca re fu l a b ou t w hat th ey c o m mun ic a te a b ou t o n li n e. E m plo ye es sh ou ld n ot e x p ect p riv a cy a t w ork o r e v e n w hile d oin g w ork -r e la te d a ctiv it ie s o u ts id e of th e ofic e . Str e a m in g m ed ia an d m in i ca m era s on c o m pute rs , t a b le ts , a n d c e ll p hon es c a n b e u se d t o p erp etu ally o b se rv e w ork ers . T he ex te n t an d p ro li f e ra tio n of m on it o rin g an d tr a ck in g s y ste m s th at a re a h id den p art o f o u r d aily liv e s h av e m ad e p riv a cy a n d s e cu rit y m ajo r s o cia l i s su es t h at a re t r a n sfo rm in g t h e w ork p la ce . T ra ck in g W ork p la ce C o m mun ic a tio n s S o m e a sp ects o f p riv a cy a re r e li n qu is h ed a s a n e x p ecte d c o n dit io n o f e m plo ym en t b eca u se it is a n tic ip ate d th at su p erv is o rs w ill o ve rs e e h ow e m plo ye es s p en d t h eir w ork t im e o r w heth er t h ey a re c o n ductin g b u sin ess acco rd in g to co m pan y poli c ie s. The rig h t to m on it o r e m plo ye e w ork i s g ra n te d b y f e d era l la w . U .S . c it iz e n s a re g u ara n te ed “ to b e s e cu re in t h eir p ers o n s, h ou se s, p ap ers , a n d e ffe cts , a ga in st u n re a so n ab le s e a rc h es a n d s e iz u re s” i n t h e F o u rth A m en dm en t t o t h e U .S . C on stit u tio n . H ow ev e r, a lt h ou gh t h e F o u rth A m en dm en t r e str ic ts g o ve rn m en t a g en cie s, i t d oes n ot r e g u la te e m plo ye rs ( L oh r, 2 014). T he 1 994 c a se o f M ic h ael A . S m yth s e t a p re ce d en t fo r m an y o f th ese is su es. S m yth w as a n e m plo ye e o f th e P ills b u ry C om pan y, w hic h “ r e p ea te d ly a ssu re d it s e m plo ye es . . . th at a ll e -m ail c o m mun ic a tio n s w ou ld r e m ain c o n id en tia l a n d p riv ile g ed [ a n d] . . . t h at e -m ail c o m mun ic a tio n s c o u ld n ot b e in te rc e p te d a n d u se d . . . a ga in st it s e m plo ye es a s g ro u n ds f o r t e rm in atio n o r r e p rim an d” ( M ic h ael A . S m yth v . T he P ills b u ry C om pany , 1 996, p ara . 3 ). D esp it e th ose a ssu ra n ce s, th e c o m pan y ir e d S m yth a ft e r h e s e n t “ in ap pro p ria te a n d u n pro fe ssio n al” ( M ic h ael A . S m yth v . T he P ills b u ry C om pany , 1 996, p ara . 4 ) e-m ails to h is su p erv is o r. T he e-m ails “c o n ce rn ed sa le s m an ag em en t an d co n ta in ed th re a ts to ‘k ill th e b ack sta b bin g b asta rd s’ a n d r e fe rre d t o t h e p la n ned h oli d ay p arty a s t h e ‘ J im J o n es K oola id a ffa ir ’” ( M ic h ael A . S m yth v . T he P ills b u ry C om pany , 1 996, p ara . 4 ). S m yth ile d a w ro n gfu l d is m is sa l s u it a ga in st P ills b u ry C om pan y. T he c o u rt d ecid ed in th e c o m pan y’s fa v o r, h ow ev e r, s ta tin g, “ O nce p la in tif f c o m mun ic a te d t h e a lle g ed u n pro fe ssio n al c o m men ts t o a s e co n d p ers o n ( h is s u p erv is o r) o ve r a n e -m ail s y ste m w hic h w as a p pare n tly u tili z e d b y th e e n tir e c o m pan y, a n y re a so n ab le e x p ecta tio n o f p riv a cy w as lo st” ( M ic h ael A . S m yth v . T he P ills b u ry C om pany , 1 996, p ara . 1 6). I n m ost s ta te s, I n te rn et u se a n d e -m ail m ay b e m on it o re d w it h ou t n oti ic a tio n . E m plo ye rs m ay li s te n in o n w ork -r e la te d p hon e c a lls a n d m ay o b ta in a r e co rd o f p hon e c a lls m ad e a t w ork . T yp ic a lly , e m plo ye r-p ro vid ed c e ll p hon es a n d p ag ers m ay a ls o b e m on it o re d . V id eo m on it o rin g m ay b e u se d in t h e w ork p la ce e xce p t w here it is in va siv e to p ers o n al p riv a cy, s u ch a s i n a l o ck er r o om o r b ath ro om . I n cre a sin g W ork p la ce E fic ie n cy T hro u gh M on it o rin g S o m e e m plo ye rs h av e le a rn ed h ow to s u btly e n co u ra g e th eir e m plo ye es to w ork m ore e fic ie n tly b y m on it o rin g th eir b eh av io r a s w ell a s th eir c o m mun ic a tio n s. In fa ct, m on it o rin g w ork ers h as b eco m e a b u sin ess it s e lf , a n d s e v e ra l n ew c o m pan ie s m eet t h is d em an d. O ne s u ch c o m pan y, S o cio m etr ic S o lu tio n s, d esig n ed I D b ad ges w it h s e n so rs th at m on it o r t h e w ork ers ’ c o m mun ic a tio n b eh av io rs , s u ch a s t h eir “ to n e o f v o ic e , p ostu re a n d b od y l a n gu ag e” ( L oh r, 2 014, p ara . 9 ) a n d w it h w hom t h ey s p ea k a n d f o r h ow lo n g. S o cio m etr ic S o lu tio n s g iv e s o n ly a g gre ga te d ata to th e e m plo ye r, n ot d ata o n i n div id ual w ork ers , a n d w ork ers m ust a g re e to b e m on it o re d . A s o f 2 014 S o cio m etr ic S o lu tio n s w as “ a lr e a d y w ork in g w it h 2 0 co m pan ie s in th e b an kin g, te ch n olo gy, p harm ace u tic a l a n d h ea lt h ca re in dustr ie s, in vo lv in g th ou sa n ds of e m plo ye es” ( L oh r, 2 014, p ara . 1 0). S o cio m etr ic S o lu tio n s a n d s im ila r c o m pan ie s m ak e u se o f h u m an d yn am ic s re se a rc h s h ow in g “th at p eo p le a re s o cia l l e a rn ers , s o a rra n gin g w ork t o in cre a se p ro d uctiv e f a ce -to -fa ce c o m mun ic a tio n y ie ld s m ea su ra b le b en eit s ” ( L oh r, 2 014, p ara . 1 2). S o cio m etr ic S o lu tio n s, f o r e xa m ple , “ s tu d ie d w ork ers i n B an k o f A m eric a c a ll c e n te rs a n d o b se rv e d t h at t h ose in 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 8/4 2 t ig h tk n it c o m mun ic a tio n s g ro u p s w ere m ore p ro d uctiv e a n d le ss li k ely to q u it ” (L oh r, 2 014, p ara . 1 3). T he c o m pan y i n stit u te d a s h are d 1 5-m in ute c o ffe e b re a k to e n co u ra g e th at s o rt o f c lo se c o m mun ic a tio n a m on g w ork ers . “A ft e rw ard , c a ll- h an dli n g p ro d uctiv it y in cre a se d m ore t h an 1 0 p erc e n t, a n d t u rn ove r d ecli n ed n ea rly 7 0 p erc e n t” ( L oh r, 2 014, p ara . 1 3). R ese a rc h a t o n e p harm ace u tic a l c o m pan y a ls o l e n ds s u p port t o t h e t h eo ry t h at i n cre a se d c o m mun ic a tio n a m on g w ork ers l e a d s t o g re a te r p ro d uctiv it y . A s tu dy b y S o cio m etr ic S o lu tio n s r e v e a le d t h at w ork ers w ho s a t a t la rg er t a b le s w ere m ore p ro d uctiv e t h an t h ose w ho s a t a t s m alle r t a b le s ( w hic h c a u se d t h em t o c o m mun ic a te w it h f e w er p eo p le ). T he c o m pan y r e d esig n ed i t s c a fe ́ a re a a cco rd in gly , a n d c o m pan y s a le s i n cre a se d ( L oh r, 2 014). S o m etim es, c o m pan ie s d is c o ve r th at th ey c a n u se d ata fr o m m on it o rin g e m plo ye es in u n an tic ip ate d w ay s. O ne D alla s r e sta u ra n t u se d a d ig it a l s e n tin el t o t r a ck “ e v e ry w ait e r, e v e ry t ic k et, a n d e v e ry d is h a n d d rin k, lo okin g f o r p atte rn s t h at m ig h t s u ggest e m plo ye e t h eft ” ( L oh r, 2 014, p ara . 6 ). T he d ata d id n ot r e v e a l m uch a b ou t t h eft , b u t t h e e m plo ye rs q u ic k ly l e a rn ed t h at t h ey c o u ld u se t h e d ata t o s e e w hic h w ait e rs w ere m ak in g t h e m ost s a le s a n d p ro m ote t h em a cco rd in gly . T he F u tu re o f M on it o rin g i n t h e W ork p la ce W hat i s t h e f u tu re o f w ork p la ce m on it o rin g a n d t r a ck in g? S o m e o b se rv e rs p oin t t o t h e U PS C orp ora tio n , o n ce k n ow n a s U nit e d P arc e l S erv ic e , a s a n in dic a tio n o f h ow c o m pan ie s m ig h t u se s u ch t e ch n olo gy in t h e y e a rs t o c o m e. I n it s p ack ag e d eliv e ry o p era tio n s, U PS d eliv e rs t h e m axim um n um ber o f p arc e ls it c a n in a n o rd in ary d ay ’s s h if t . A naly sts p ore o ve r d ata c o lle cte d fr o m m ult ip le e le ctr o n ic d ev ic e s to d ete rm in e h ow d eliv e ry tim e c a n b e re d uce d — a s e co n d c o u ld b e s h av e d o ff h ere , a h alf a s e co n d t h ere . G PS d ev ic e s r e co rd t h e d riv e r’s s p eed , s to p s, h ow h e o r s h e u se s t h e b ra k es, e v e n h ow m uch tim e an d sp eed th e d riv e r sp en ds b ack in g u p (a sa fe ty co n ce rn ). B ase d on th e d ata , an aly sts m ak e r e co m men datio n s t o m an ag em en t, a n d t h e s a v in gs i n t im e a d d u p . A ft e r a y e a r, 1 m in ute s a v e d p er d riv e r p er d ay a d ds u p t o $ 1 4.5 m illi o n in s a v in gs. O ne m in ute id li n g th e tr u ck p er d riv e r p er d ay c o sts $ 5 00,0 00 o f fu el in a y e a r. S o e v e ry m in ute o f e v e ry d riv e r’s d ay i s t r a ck ed , a n d c o m pute rs p ro d uce t h e d eliv e ry r o u te s ( J. G old ste in , 2 014b). A noth er n ew p oli c y in te n ded t o in cre a se U PS’s e fic ie n cy in vo lv e d p ock ets . A n e x tr a p ock et w as a d ded to e a ch d riv e r’s s h ir t s o l e ft -h an ded d riv e rs c o u ld s a v e t im e d ra w in g a p en f r o m t h eir r ig h t p ock et. A noth er p oli c y in vo lv e d im ple m en tin g a n e le ctr o n ic k ey f o b t h at a u to m atic a lly o p en s a n d c lo se s t h e t r u ck d oor a n d s ta rts t h e e n gin e w it h a q u ic k p ush . S in ce 1 990, i n nova tio n s l i k e t h ese h av e p ush ed t h e a v e ra g e n um ber o f p ack ag es d eliv e re d p er s h if t f r o m 9 2 t o 1 30 ( J. G old ste in , 2 014b). D riv e rs m ig h t g ru m ble f r o m t im e t o t im e a b ou t B ig B ro th er, b u t th e e ffe cts o f s u ch p oli c ie s a n d th e im ple m en ta tio n o f s u ch t e ch n olo gie s a re n ot e n tir e ly n ega tiv e f o r t h em . H an dheld c o m pute rs a le rt d riv e rs a s th ey a p pro ach h ou se s w here t h ere a re d an gero u s a n im als th at m ig h t b it e th em . T he u n io n th at re p re se n ts U PS d riv e rs n eg o tia te s th e te rm s o f s u rv e illa n ce , i n clu d in g t h e d riv e rs ’ k n ow le d ge o f e a ch d ev ic e a n d w hat it d oes. W it h t h e p ow er o f a s tr o n g u n io n , d riv e rs h av e a ls o in an cia lly b en eit e d f r o m t h e i n cre a se d p ro d uctiv it y ; d riv e rs ’ w ag es h av e d ou ble d s in ce 1 990. A lt h ou gh r o b ots o r d ro n es m ay o n e d ay r e p la ce t h e u biq u it o u s b ro w n-s h ir te d U PS d riv e rs , t o d ay t h ey s ta n d a s a m od el o f w hat h u m an s a n d m ach in es c a n a cco m pli s h t o geth er i n t h e i n fo rm atio n a g e ( J. G old ste in , 2 014a). I n m ost m od ern w ork p la ce s, e m plo ye es h av e a cce p te d th e re a li t y th at th eir e m plo ye rs m on it o r a n d tr a ck a ctiv it y . A lt h ou gh s o m e c rin ge a t t h e la ck o f p riv a cy, m an y w ork ers a p pre cia te t h at s u ch m on it o rin g c a n h elp th em d o th eir jo b b ette r a n d s e cu re th e o rg a n iz a tio n’s o r c o m pan y’s in fo rm atio n a n d in an ce s. O th ers fe el a ssu re d th at w hile th ey a re w ork in g h ard , t h ose a ro u n d t h em f e el p re ssu re d t o d o s o a s w ell b eca u se t h ey k n ow t h ey a re b ein g w atc h ed . T he N ew W ork S p ace a n d A li e n ate d L ab or A lt h ou gh s u rv e illa n ce h as b eco m e a r o u tin e f e a tu re o f t h e c o n te m pora ry w ork p la ce , i t h as a ls o r a is e d t h e s p ecte r o f w hat K arl M arx ( 1 818–1 883) r e fe rre d t o a s a li e n ate d l a b or , t h e p hen om en on o f w ork ers t o ili n g in a n e n vir o n m en t t h at o ffe rs t h em li t tle c o n tr o l o ve r w hat t h ey p ro d uce a n d h ow t h ey c a rry o u t th eir w ork . N ot o n ly d o m ost w ork ers n ot o w n th e f r u it s o f t h eir la b or, t h eir e v e ry a ctio n a t w ork is p ro sc rib ed a n d m on it o re d — an d o u t o f th eir c o n tr o l. C on sid erin g th at A m eric a n s w ork m ore t h an p eo p le f r o m a n y o th er in dustr ia li z e d n atio n , t h is la ck o f f r e ed om f r o m o ve rs ig h t h as a m ajo r i m pact o n m an y ( L ee, M cC an n, & M esse n ger, 2 007). 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 3 9/4 2 C ou rte sy o f A m y B la ck sto n e, P h.D . T he tr e n d o f m on it o rin g o fic e b eh av io r als o h ark en s b ack to Fre d eric k W in slo w Tay lo r’s (1 865–1 915) w ork on t r a n sfe rrin g c o n tr o l in th e w ork p la ce fr o m w ork ers to m an ag ers in o rd er to in cre a se e fic ie n cy (T ay lo r, 2 003). A s d esc rib ed in C hap te r 2 , d urin g T ay lo r’s li f e tim e h is th eo rie s h elp ed tr a n sfo rm in dustr ie s a n d fa cto ry w ork . T o d ay th eir i n lu en ce h as s p re a d t o w ork i n s e rv ic e o ccu p atio n s a n d o fic e s ( S av a l, 2 014). W it h t h e u se o f c o m pute rs c o m es a r e d uce d n eed f o r i n div id ual w ork ers ’ i n put a n d l e ss f r e ed om . A s s o cio lo gis t K ai E ric k so n ( 1 986) d esc rib es: I f t h e g o al o f t h e o ld S cie n ti ic M an ag em en t m ove m en t w as t o c o n tr o l t h e m usc le a ctiv it y o f t h e w ork er f r o m t h e d is ta n t r e m ove s o f t h e f r o n t o fic e , t o e li m in ate lo u ris h a n d p ers o n ali t y a n d l a zy r h yth m s f r o m t h e d oin g o f e v e ry d ay t a sk s, t h en t h e c o m pute r c a n b e i t s p erfe ct i n str u m en t. F o r t h e c o m pute r c a n p ro gra m n ot o n ly t h e b eh av io r o f t h e m ach in e, b u t i n a v e ry r e a l s e n se , t h e b eh av io r o f t h ose w hose j o b i t i s t o m on it o r i t . ( p . 5 ) I n cre a sin gly , w ork ers m ust fo llo w in str u ctio n s o n h ow to d o th eir jo b s b ase d o n c o m pute rs ’ c a lc u la tio n s o f o p tim al e fic ie n cy. M ore o ve r, t h ey a re r e le n tle ssly m on it o re d w hen c a rry in g o u t t h ose i n str u ctio n s. T he n ex t c h ap te r e x p lo re s d if fe re n t w ay s th at c o m pan ie s c a n h elp e m plo ye es fe el le ss a li e n ate d a n d m ore e n ga g ed in t h eir jo b s w hile b ala n cin g w ork a n d f a m ily r e sp on sib ili t ie s. W e w ill s h ow t h at t h ese e ffo rts c a n b e in t h e s e lf – in te re st o f e m plo ye rs a n d t h e g o ve rn m en t, a s w ell a s e m plo ye es. H ap py, e n ga g ed w ork ers t e n d t o b e m ore p ro d uctiv e w ork ers . S p otli g h t o n W ork p la ce R ese a rc h : A m y B la ck sto n e’s W ork o n O ld er W ork ers’ E xp erie n ce s o f H ara ssm en t A m y B la ck sto n e, a n a sso cia te p ro fe sso r o f so cio lo gy a t th e U niv e rs it y o f M ain e, h as s h ow n t h at o ld er w ork ers o ft e n e x p erie n ce a g eis m . H er r e se a rc h o n o ld er w ork ers ( th ose f r o m 6 2 t o 8 7 y e a rs o ld ) in M ain e r e v e a le d th at a c le a r p atte rn o f a g eis m e x is ts in th e w ork fo rc e . A lm ost 1 o u t o f 4 re sp on den ts sa id th ey “h ad w ork co n tr ib u tio n s to ta lly i g n ore d b y c o lle a g u es a n d m an ag ers , h ad b een l e ft o u t o f d ecis io n s t h at a ffe ct t h eir w ork , a n d h ad b een t a lk ed d ow n t o b y c o -w ork ers o r b osse s” ( B la ck sto n e, 2 013, p ara . 8 ). T hese r a te s w ere m uch h ig h er t h an t h ose f o r y o u n ger w ork ers , w ho r e la y e d m ore in cid en ts o f s e xu al h ara ssm en t b u t f a r f e w er e x p erie n ce s o f b ein g d is re ga rd ed a t w ork . T he o ld er w ork ers w ho fa ce d d is c rim in atio n a t w ork d id n ot s h are th ese e x p erie n ce s w it h co w ork ers o r e v e n fa m ily m em bers , so B la ck sto n e’s w ork h as b een crit ic a l in b rin gin g t h eir e x p erie n ce s t o li g h t. S h e li k en s t h e t r e a tm en t o f o ld er w ork ers t o b u lly in g a n d c a lls f o r c o w ork ers to in te rv e n e w hen th ey w it n ess a g eis t tr e a tm en t o f th eir o ld er c o lle a g u es. B la ck sto n e s u ggests th at e m plo ye e tr a in in gs s h ou ld in clu d e w ork sh op s o n h ow t o t r e a t o ld er w ork ers a n d s e m in ars t h at e n co u ra g e c o lle a g u es t o s ta n d u p f o r o ld er w ork ers a n d, b y e x te n sio n , t h eir f u tu re s e lv e s. 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 4 0/4 2 S u m mary a n d R eso u rc e s S u m mary T he m ain g en era tio n al c o h orts w ork in g i n t h e U nit e d S ta te s t o d ay a re t r a d it io n ali s ts , b ab y b oom ers , g en era tio n X ers , a n d m ille n nia ls . E ach g en era tio n b rin gs b oth a p tit u d es a n d c h alle n ges t o t h e m od ern w ork p la ce . E m plo ye rs a n d m an ag ers w ho e x h ib it g en era tio n al i n te lli g en ce a re a b le t o b ala n ce e a ch g en era tio n’s s k ills , i m pro ve c o m mun ic a tio n a m on g c o h orts , a n d i m pro ve e fic ie n cy. S o cia l m ed ia a n d a w id e a rra y o f t e ch n olo gie s h av e b eco m e e sse n tia l p arts o f m ost w ork p la ce s. M on it o rin g w ork ers h as b eco m e a r o u tin e p ra ctic e a n d a g ro w in g b u sin ess. W ork ers c a n not a n d s h ou ld n ot e x p ect p riv a cy i n t h e w ork p la ce . C ase S tu dy : H ow S o cia l M ed ia C an G et Y o u F ir e d T he fo llo w in g s to ry , tit le d F a ce b ook P ost C osts W ait r e ss H er Jo b , d esc rib es h ow o n e co lle g e stu d en t lo st h er w ait r e ssin g j o b b eca u se o f a F ace b ook p ost. A sh le y J o h n so n h ad a g ood j o b m akin g g ood m on ey a s a w ait r e ss a t B rix x P iz za o n S ix th S tr e et i n u pto w n C harlo tte . B ut t h at c h an ged a bou t a w eek a go, w hen a c o u ple c a m e i n f o r l u nch a n d s ta ye d f o r t h re e h ou rs— fo rc in g h er t o w ork a n h ou r p ast h er q u it tin g t im e. A nd t h ey l e ft h er a t ip s h e t h ou gh t w as p re tt y m ea sly — $5 . J o h n so n d id w hat m ost f o lk s w ho n eed a g ood r a n t d o n ow adays. W hen s h e g ot h om e, s h e w en t o n F a ce b ook. “ T han ks f o r e a tin g a t B rix x ,” s h e w ro te , “ y o u c h ea p p ie ce o f – — c a m per.” A nd l i k e a g ro w in g n um ber o f w ork ers, s h e f o u nd o u t t h e h ard w ay t h at w hat y o u s a y o n s o cia l n etw ork s c a n b e u se d a ga in st y o u , p artic u la rly i f y o u ’r e i n a p osit io n o f p u bli c t r u st o r p u bli c s e rv ic e . T he m an agers a t B rix x c a lle d h er i n a d ay o r t w o l a te r, s h e s a ys. T hey s h ow ed h er a c o p y o f h er F a ce b ook c o m men ts a n d t o ld h er s h e w as b ein g ir e d f o r v io la tin g c o m pany p oli c y a ga in st s p ea kin g d is p ara gin gly a bou t c u sto m ers. A B rix x o fic ia l s a id s h e a ls o v io la te d a s e co n d p oli c y a ga in st c a stin g t h e r e sta u ra n t i n a n eg a tiv e l i g h t o n s o cia l n etw ork s. “ W e d ein it e ly c a re w hat p eo p le s a y a bou t o u r c u sto m ers,” s a id J e ff V a n D yk e, o n e o f t h e p artn ers w ho r u n t h e r e sta u ra n t. J o h n so n , 2 2, s a ys s h e a p olo g iz e d t o B rix x f o r u sin g b a d j u dgm en t. “ It w as m y o w n f a u lt ,” s h e s a id . “ I d id w rit e t h e m essa ge. B ut I h ad n o i d ea t h at s o m eth in g t h at, t o m e i s v e ry s m all, c o u ld r e su lt i n m y l o sin g m y j o b .” S h e’s n ot t h e ir st F a ce b ook u se r t o g et i n t r o u ble w it h t h e b oss o ve r i n ap pro p ria te c o m men ts o r p ic tu re s o n t h eir p ages. A nd a s p eo p le g ro w i n cre a sin gly c o m fo rta ble s h arin g t h eir p ic tu re s a n d t h ou gh ts — vu lg a r, i n te m pera te o r o th erw is e — sh e s u re ly w on ’t b e t h e l a st t o a n ger h er e m plo ye r. S o cia l n etw ork s a re e xp lo d in g i n p op u la rit y , w it h a lm ost h alf o f a ll A m eric a n s 1 2 o r o ld er m ain ta in in g a p ro ile o n a t l e a st o n e s it e , a cco rd in g t o a r e ce n t E dis o n R ese a rc h s tu dy. A nd a s m ore p eo p le g o o n t h e s it e s, m ore a re c ro ssin g b ou nda rie s t h eir e m plo ye rs d on ’t w an t c ro sse d . C harlo tte -M eck le n bu rg S ch ools , f o r i n sta n ce , s u sp en ded a T hom asb oro E le m en ta ry t e a ch er i n 2 008 a ft e r l e a rn in g t h at h er F a ce b ook p age l i s te d “ te a ch in g c h it li n s i n t h e g h etto ” a s o n e o f h er a ctiv it ie s. F o u r o th ers w ere d is c ip li n ed f o r p osts i n vo lv in g b a d j u dgm en t a n d p oor t a ste . 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 4 1/4 2 T he c it y o f C harlo tte ’s r e ce n tly a dop te d p oli c y w arn s e m plo ye es t o “ e xe rc is e s o u nd j u dgm en t a n d d is c re tio n ” o n t h eir p erso n al s it e s “ to e n su re a d is tin ct s e p ara tio n b etw een p erso n al a n d o rg a n iz a tio n al v ie w s.” I n ap pro p ria te u se , t h e p oli c y n ote s, “ m ay b e g ro u nds f o r d is c ip li n ary a ctio n .” S u ch s o cia l n etw ork in g d u st-u ps a re b eco m in g m ore a n d m ore c o m mon , s a id M eg a n R uw e, a M in neso ta a tto rn ey w ho c o u nse ls e m plo ye rs o n h an dli n g w ork ers a n d s o cia l n etw ork s. T hin k A bou t I t : 1 . B efo re r e a d in g t h is c h ap te r, w ere y o u a w are t h at, a s t h e l a w ye r q u ote d i n t h is a rtic le s ta te s, “ w hile t h e F ir s t A m en dm en t b ars t h e g o ve rn m en t f r o m i n fr in gin g o n c it iz e n s’ f r e ed om o f s p eech , i t t y p ic a lly d oesn ’t s to p p riv a te e m plo ye rs f r o m l i m it in g t h eir e m plo ye es’ s p eech .” I f y o u d id k n ow t h is , h ow d id y o u l e a rn a b ou t i t ? I f y o u a re c u rre n tly e m plo ye d , d o y o u h av e a c le a r u n ders ta n din g o f y o u r e m plo ye r’s p oli c y r e ga rd in g s o cia l m ed ia s it e s? W hy o r w hy n ot? 2 . I m ag in e y o u a re o n e o f t h e o w ners o f t h e r e sta u ra n t m en tio n ed i n t h e a rtic le . W ou ld y o u h av e ir e d t h e w ait r e ss? W hy o r w hy n ot? 3 . I m ag in e y o u h av e j u st o p en ed a n ew b u sin ess. W rit e y o u r o w n s o cia l m ed ia p oli c y f o r e m plo ye es ( in j u st o n e o r t w o s e n te n ce s) a n d t h en d esc rib e h ow y o u w ill i n fo rm y o u r e m plo ye es o f t h is p oli c y. W hy i s h av in g b oth a c le a r p oli c y a n d a m ea n s t o d is se m in ate ( s p re a d t h e w ord a b ou t) i t s o i m porta n t? 4 . D esc rib e h ow r e a d in g t h is a rtic le a n d a n sw erin g t h ese q u estio n s h as i m pacte d y o u r o w n u se o f s o cia l m ed ia . I f i t h as n ot, e x p la in w hy. S o u rc e : F ra zie r, E . ( 2 010, M ay 1 7). F a ce b ook p ost c o sts w ait r e ss h er j o b . C harlo tte ( N C) O bse rv e r. R etr ie ve d f r o m h ttp :/ /w ww.c h arlo tte o b se rv e r.c o m /n ew s/ lo ca l/ a rtic le 9 036602.h tm l ( h ttp :/ /w ww.c h arlo tte o b se rv e r.c o m /n ew s/ lo ca l/ a rtic le 9 0 36602.h tm l) D is c u ssio n Q uestio n s 1 . W hy i s i t i m porta n t f o r b oth e m plo ye rs a n d e m plo ye es t o p ra ctic e g en era tio n al i n te lli g en ce ? D o y o u t h in k y o u h av e e n ou gh g en era tio n al i n te lli g en ce t o s u cce ed i n t h e w ork p la ce ? W hy o r w hy n ot? 2 . A cco rd in g t o t h e i n fo rm atio n i n t h is c h ap te r, w hat a re s o m e w ay s y o u n g j o b s e ek ers t e n d t o b e m ore a n d l e ss p re p are d f o r t h e w ork p la ce t h an m em bers o f o th er g en era tio n s? 3 . H ow c a n j o b s e ek ers b est m ak e u se o f s o cia l m ed ia ? H ow c a n e m plo ye rs u se s o cia l m ed ia t o a ttr a ct b u sin ess a n d e m plo ye es? W ill y o u u se s o cia l m ed ia w hen y o u n ex t s e a rc h f o r a j o b ? W hy o r w hy n ot? 4 . D esc rib e t h re e p osit iv e a n d t h re e n ega tiv e a sp ects o f m on it o rin g e m plo ye es’ a ctiv it y i n t h e w ork p la ce . H ow w ou ld y o u r p ers p ectiv e o f i t s m erit s d if fe r d ep en din g o n w heth er y o u w ere a n e m plo ye e o r a n e m plo ye r? A ddit io n al R eso u rc e s A c o m paris o n o f g en era tio n al v a lu es i n t h e w ork p la ce ( v id eo ) h ttp :/ /e d uca tio n -p orta l.c o m /a ca d em y/le sso n /g e n era tio n al- v a lu es-in -t h e-w ork p la ce -d if fe re n ce s-a n d-d om in an t- v a lu es.h tm l# le sso n (h ttp :/ /e d uca tio n -p orta l.c o m /a ca d em y/le sso n /g e n era tio n al- v a lu es-in -t h e-w ork p la ce -d if fe re n ce s-a n d- d om in an t-v a lu es.h tm l# le sso n ) R eco m men datio n s f o r w hat y o u n ger a n d o ld er w ork ers c a n l e a rn f r o m e a ch o th er h ttp :/ /ca re er-a d vic e .m on ste r.c o m /in -t h e-o fic e /w ork p la ce -is su es/ g e n era tio n al- t e a ch back /a rtic le .a sp x ( h ttp :/ /ca re er-a d vic e .m on ste r.c o m /in -t h e-o fic e /w ork p la ce -is su es/ g e n era tio n al- t e a ch back /a rtic le .a sp x) S to rie s o f e m plo ye es w ho h av e b een ir e d f o r o n li n e p osts h ttp :/ /w ww.b lo ggin g4 jo b s.c o m /so cia l- m ed ia /h is to ry -o f- t e rm in atio n s-ir in gs-e m plo ye e-s o cia l- m ed ia /# W wDSo d B GdQ 0iy 2 kJ.9 7 (h ttp :/ /w ww.b lo ggin g4 jo b s.c o m /so cia l- m ed ia /h is to ry -o f- t e rm in atio n s-ir in gs-e m plo ye e – s o cia l- m ed ia /# W wDSo d B GdQ 0iy 2 kJ.9 7) h ttp s:/ /w ww.y a h oo.c o m /te ch /1 1-b ru ta l- r e m in ders-t h at-y o u -c a n -a n d-w ill- g e t-ir e d -fo r-8 4931050659.h tm l ( h ttp s:/ /w ww.y a h oo.c o m /te ch /1 1-b ru ta l- r e m in ders-t h at-y o u -c a n -a n d-w ill- g e t-ir e d -fo r-8 4931050659.h tm l) 8 /1 /2 017 P rin t h ttp s://c o nte nt.a sh fo rd .e du/p rin t/A U SO C402.1 5.1 ?se ctio ns= navp oin t- 3 5,n avp oin t- 3 6,n avp oin t- 3 7,n avp oin t- 3 8,n avp oin t- 3 9,n avp oin t- 4 0,n avp oin t- 4 1, … 4 2/4 2 T he p ro s a n d c o n s o f t e ch n olo gy i n t h e w ork p la ce h ttp :/ /w ww.u se o ft e ch n olo gy.c o m /te ch n olo gy-w ork p la ce -2 ( h ttp :/ /w ww.u se o ft e ch n olo gy.c o m /te ch n olo gy-w ork p la ce -2 /) T he p ro s a n d c o n s o f w ork p la ce s u rv e illa n ce h ttp :/ /w ww.n ytim es.c o m /2 014/0 6/2 2/te ch n olo gy /w ork p la ce -s u rv e illa n ce -s e es-g o od -a n d-b ad .h tm l? _r = 0m ( h ttp :/ /w ww.n ytim es.c o m /2 014/0 6/2 2/te ch n olo gy /w ork p la ce -s u rv e ill a n ce -s e es-g o od -a n d-b ad .h tm l? _r = 0m ) K ey T erm s a ge is m a li e n ate d l a b or b ab y b oom ers g e n era tio n g e n era tio n al i n te lli g e n ce g e n era tio n g a p g e n era tio n X ers i n fo rm atio n t e ch n olo gy s y ste m s j o b s e cu rit y m ille n nia ls s o cia l m ed ia t r a d it io n ali s ts w ork sta tio n s