For this Capstone Case Study Report Project, you will combine the case studies provided surrounding terrorism, terroristic groups, and other aspects of global concerns into one final project about the

For this Capstone Case Study Report Project, you will combine the case studies provided surrounding terrorism, terroristic groups, and other aspects of global concerns into one final project about the
1 Comparison of Gun Control Policies Across the United States Student Name College of Safety and Emergency Services Columbia Southern University Dr. Charles T. Kelly, Jr. Date Author Note 2 Abstract Your abstract should be no more than 250 words and you do not indent in the abstract. Keywords: 3 Comparison of Gun Control Policies Across the United States Introduction Your introduction should be two or three solid paragraphs long. Review of the Literature A Qualitative Review of the Literature is perhaps the most critical phase in the research process in qualitative, quantitative, and hybrid research studies. While there are untold numbers of benefits derived from a review of the literature, perhaps the mos t important is the knowledge gained from others who have studied and written about the specific topics or issue under review. The review of the literature is much more than a simple summary of a few collected works. It is a complex undertaking, or an expla nation of a collection of published and/or unpublished documents available from various sources on a specific topic that optimally involves summarization, analysis, evaluation, and synthesis of the documents. Your review of the literature should be several pages long. Research Method The research design for this paper is qualitative and will be a White Paper. A White Paper is a written document used by the writer to inform readers or an interested audience on a particular topic or issue. Further it uses authoritative knowledge (Governm ent Reports, After Action Reports, Congressional Testimony, Policy and Procedure Manuals, Books, Monographs, Academic/Scientific, peer -reviewed Journal Articles, etc.). This paper attempts to provide information relative to gun control policies across the United States. More specifically, this paper will focus on the perceived problems associated with gun possession, an analysis of the Second Amendment, document any need for gun control legislative change, examine the history of gun control, examine the pot ential causes of the problems, evaluate previous strategies, laws, or interventions, clarify the relevant stakeholders, conduct a criminal justice systems analysis, and identify any barriers to change and support for change. 4 If the writer wou ld have employed a quantitative research method or a hybrid method of investigation, two research questions and multi -variate equations would have been necessary. However, since this is a qualitative White Paper, no statistical data was collected, analyzed , and reported on. It is possible however, that research articles that include statistics will be used and some of that data discussed. Discussion This section is where the writer provides his or her contribution to the subject and the literature. This is where you investigate or examine the meaning, importance and relevance of your conclusions based upon your extensive review of the literature which might include after -action reports, government documents, peer -reviewed journal articles (academic and scie ntific), book, monographs, etc. Under no circumstances should you use any of the following: (NY Times, Washington Post, USA Today, LA Times, etc.,) news services (ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, FOX, MSNBC, etc.), cable television, anything Wiki, Associated Press, Reuters, Time, Newsweek, or items identified as unknown, etc. Additionally, you are prohibited from using blogs, .coms, or any thing that is not academic in nature. While there are many ways to write a discussion section, the simple rule is to interpret the findings of those you focused on in the Review of the Literature, determine the implications of what others found, recognize, and articulate the limitations of those findings, and the provide recommendations based upon what you have learned and tested. Sometimes the discussion section will blend into the conclusions, but that is fine. Summary of Key Findings This section can be four to five paragraphs maybe slightly more. Recommendations This is entirely left up to the writer. Conclusion 5 This section should be no less than one page. 6 References (These are samples that have nothing to do with gun control) Avery, R. J., Bryant, W. K., Mathios, A., Kang, H., & Bell, D. (2006). Electronic course evaluations: Does an online delivery system influence student evaluations? The Journal of Economic Educat ion , 37 (1), 21 –37. https://doi.org/10.3200/JECE.37.1.21 -37 Berk, R. A. (2012). Top 20 strategies to increase the online response rates of student rating scales. International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning , 8(2), 98 –107. Berk, R. A. (2013). Top 10 flashpoints in student ratings and the evaluation of teaching . Stylus. Boysen, G. A. (2015a). Preventing the overinterpretation of small mean differences in student evaluations of teaching: An evaluation of warning effectiveness. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology , 1(4), 269 –282. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000042 Boysen, G. A. (2015b). Significant interpretation of small mean differences in student evaluations of teaching despite explicit warning to avoid overinterpretation. Scholarship of Teaching and Lear ning in Psychology , 1(2), 150 –162. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000017 Boysen, G. A., Kelly, T. J., Raesly, H. N., & Casner, R. W. (2014). The (mis)interpretation of teaching evaluations by college faculty and administrators. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 39 (6), 641 –656. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.860950 Buller, J. L. (2012). Best practices in faculty evaluation: A practical guide for academic leaders . Jossey – Bass. Dewar, J. M. (2011). Helping stakeholders understand the limitations of S RT data: Are we doing enough? Journal of Faculty Development , 25 (3), 40 –44. Dommeyer, C. J., Baum, P., & Hanna, R. W. (2002). College students’ attitudes toward methods of collecting teaching evaluations: In -class versus on -line. Journal of Education for Business , 78 (1), 11 –15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320209599691 7 Dommeyer, C. J., Baum, P., Hanna, R. W., & Chapman, K. S. (2004). Gathering faculty teaching evaluations by in -cla ss and online surveys: Their effects on response rates and evaluations. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 29 (5), 611 –623. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930410001689171 Feistauer, D., & Richter, T. (2016). How reliable are students’ evaluations of teaching quality? A variance components approach. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 42 (8), 1263 –1279. https://doi.o rg/10.1080/02602938.2016.1261083 Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment . Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808098 Griffin, T. J., Hilton, J., III, Plummer, K., & Barret, D. (2014). Correlation between grade point averages and student evaluation of teaching scores: Taking a closer look. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 39 (3), 339 –348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.831809 Jaquett, C. M., VanMaaren, V. G., & Williams, R. L. (2016). The effect of extra -credit incentives on student submission of end -of-course evaluations. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology , 2(1), 49 –61. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000052 Jaquett, C. M., VanMaaren, V. G., & Williams, R. L. (2017). Course factors that motivate students to submit end -of-course evaluations. Innovative Higher Education , 42 (1), 19 –31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755 -016 -9368 -5 Morrison, R. (2011). A comparison of online versus traditional student end -of-course critiques in resident courses. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 36 (6), 627 –641. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602931003632399 Nowell, C., Gale, L. R., & Handley, B. (2010). Assessing faculty performance using student evaluations of teaching in an uncontrolled setting. Assessment & Eva luation in Higher Education , 35 (4), 463 – 475. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930902862875 8 Nulty, D. D. (2008). The adequacy of response rates to online and paper surveys: What can be done? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 33 (3), 301 –314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930701293231 Palmer, M. S., Bach, D. J., & Streifer, A. C. (2014). Measuring the promise: A learni ng -focused syllabus rubric. To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development , 33 (1), 14 –36. https://doi.org/10.1002/tia2.20004 Reiner, C. M., & Arnold, K. E. (2010). Online course evaluation : Student and instructor perspectives and assessment potential. Assessment Update , 22 (2), 8 –10. https://doi.org/10.1002/au.222 Risquez, A., Vaughan, E., & Murphy, M. (2015). Online student evaluations of teaching: What are we sacrificing for the affordances of technology? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 40 (1), 210 –234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.890695 Spooren, P., Brockx, B., & Mortelmans, D. (2013). On the validity of student evaluation of teaching: The state of the art. Review of Educational Research , 83 (4), 598 –642. https://doi.org/10.3102/0 034654313496870 Stanny, C. J., Gonzalez, M., & McGowan, B. (2015). Assessing the culture of teaching and learning through a syllabus review. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 40 (7), 898 –913. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.956684 Stark, P. B., & Freishtat, R. (2014). An evaluation of course evaluations. ScienceOpen Research . https://doi.org/10.14293/S219 9-1006.1.SOR -EDU.AOFRQA.v1 Stowell, J. R., Addison, W. E., & Smith, J. L. (2012). Comparison of online and classroom -based student evaluations of instruction. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 37 (4), 465 –473. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2010.545869 Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin , 76 (2), 105 –110. https://doi.org/10. 1037/h0031322 9 Uttl, B., White, C. A., & Gonzalez, D. W. (2017). Meta -analysis of faculty’s teaching effectiveness: Student evaluation of teaching ratings and student learning are not related. Studies in Educational Evaluation , 54 , 22 –42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.08.007 Venette, S., Sellnow, D., & McIntyre, K. (2010). Charting new territory: Assessing the online frontier of student ratings of instruction. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 35 (1), 101 –115. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930802618336 Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences . Rand McNally. 10
For this Capstone Case Study Report Project, you will combine the case studies provided surrounding terrorism, terroristic groups, and other aspects of global concerns into one final project about the
10 Al-Qaida: Extremist Advance against the American Interests and the Response Name University CMJ – 6320 Dr. Tolle 9/13/2022 Al-Qaida: Extremist Advance against the American Interests and the Response In the late 1990s, Islamist groups emerged to oppose the arrival of foreign government troops into their soils since they were non-Muslims. Al-Qaida was the most prominent extremist group against the government-supported U.S troops (Britannica, 2022). With the Islamic divisions between the government and the extremists, the country would later get into terrorist attacks that retaliated against American interests, after that extending to terrorist attacks on American soil. This paper examines the Al-Qaida group while focusing on the terrorist attacks on American Interests and American soil. Later, the paper discusses the efforts that would be set to eliminate extremist efforts. In the 1980s, a group of terrorists formed a militant Islamic organization under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. Al-Qaida came with the idea of resisting activities against Islamic ideologies. Therefore, within the wide chronological time frame from 1996-2001, Osama bin Laden lived in Afghanistan. He was placed under the Taliban’s protection to serve him as a strong safety shield to and for Al-Qaida. Thus, allocating for an exponential growth and expansion within the organization within those years (Stenersen, 2017). At first, the militant group began as a support group fighting the Soviet Union during the Afghan war by recruiting members across the Islamic world (Brittanicca, 2022). Upon withdrawal of the Soviet unions from Afghanistan, the group would later begin opposing ideologies that were opposite to the Islamic regimes, following directions from their leaders. Apart from that, the Al-Qaida group would focus their resistance efforts on fighting corrupt governments and the presence of the United States on their soil (McInnis & McGarry 2022). Following a series of defeats, the group relocated to Sudan and would later return to Afghanistan with the guidance of the Taliban militia. The group formed alliances with several members and Islamic groups with aligning interests. The members who joined the group include Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, Ayman-al-Zawahiri, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Anwar-al-Awlaki. The group merged with Islamic Jihad from Egypt, among other Islamic groups worldwide, which declared the holy war against the America. With aligning interests, the militia groups set up bases globally. Britannica (2022) argues that the establishment of the military camps helped thousands of the militia get paramilitary skills and gather intelligence to help them achieve their efforts. Setting up militia groups and training the youths would emerge into disastrous endings. Ideally, the militia groups set up global wars against powers from the western countries and regimes that support western ideologies. From the camps, there were several attacks executed in America and globally. Reports of terrorist attacks by the agents followed the onset of military bases. Terrorists with paramilitary skills and agents carried out attacks that led to the destruction of properties and loss of lives. Similarly, Vasiliev (2022) provides an insight into the isolated attacks on U.S. interests where he acknowledges that the militia youths and agents perpetrated the attack on the U.S embassies in East Africa, the attack on the U.S. warship in Yemen, and the U.S. September attacks on the World Trade Center. Moreover, several attacks would emerge in Jordan, Indonesia, Turkey, Israel, and Europe. In an isolated incident, there were terrorist attacks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, resisting their alliance with the Saudi Arabians. Surprisingly, the Saudi Arabians attack contradicted the Islamic militant agendas. Al-Qaida called for an overthrow of the Saudis, becoming a contradiction of their initial doctrines. In retrospect, the use of the internet became a source of communication and recruitment, where they sent destructive information that led to worldwide radicalization and propaganda. Through the internet, bin Laden sent messages of propaganda claiming that the leader of the ‘Crusader-Zionist’ alliance was the United States and blamed them for crimes against Muslims worldwide. With these sentiments, they justified their attacks on U.S. interests. In this sense, the terrorists justify the attacks as a defensive response to the U.S. presence, making Muslims poor, oppressed, and humiliated. Ultimately, the Al-Qaida agendas became complicated since they justified their actions while causing destruction. In retaliation, the U.S. government made their attacks on Al-Qaida. The U.S forces attacked the Taliban and forces under the Al-Qaida factions in Afghanistan (Byman & Mir, 2022). As a result, the retaliation by the U.S. led to a weaker Al-Qaida faction. Since there was the killing of thousands of militants, including their leaders, apart from that, the remaining leaders went into hiding while others were captured and tortured. The most significant setback was the killing of their leader by the U.S. troops. Osama bin Laden was killed in his residence in Abbottabad, Pakistan, fifty kilometers from Islamabad, in 2011. In effect, the deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, replaced bin Laden as the new leader of Al-Qaida. The 9/11 attacks and the Perpetrators Arguments between Al-Qaida and the Wahhabi corporations brought ideological and political rifts that triggered a series of attacks. The country experienced several attacks after the brake between the Taliban and Saudi Arabia. Reports show that the year 2003-2004 faced several attacks on special services who resisted the idea of waging war against the United States. One attack that stood out was the 9/11 attacks that occurred in the United States. The attacks aimed at the two led to deaths and destruction on American soil. In the wake of these attacks, the group Al-Qaida through their leader, Osama bin Laden claimed responsibility for the attacks (Brittanica, 2022). The Al-Qaida ideologies, suggests that the leader bin Laden justified the U.S. attacks on the Muslim nations led to the reason for attacks on America’s capital city, Washington D.C. The attacks were meant to expel the U.S. troops from Muslim soil while undermining the Western forces’ influence on the regimes within the Arab nations. Response to the Attack Interestingly, the 9/11 attacks were criticized by the community after Al-Qaida claimed responsibility. The Muslim world condemned the actions of the Al-Qaida group. Also, the political and religious authorities, including Abdul Aziz al ash-Sheikh, the head of the Supreme Ulema Committee of the Saudis, detached themselves from the leader’s actions of Al-Qaida. From the efforts by the U.S. to maintain commitments to global security against terrorist attacks by the Al-Qaida among other Islamic groups, the central government made institutions and laws mandated to provide foreign policies against terrorism. More specifically, McInnis and McGarry (2022) include information on setting up a command base to combat Middle East terrorists. The report shows that the United States Central Command was set up by the trump and Biden administrations to provide economic, diplomatic, and military interventions by the U.S. forces. In addition, the command authority aimed to face the challenges to U.S. armed services. Biden’s Administration noted the strategic guidelines. First, the strategies aim to stop Al-Qaida’s sovereignty and territorial integrity threats. The organization also seeks to disrupt Al-Qaida and its terrorist attacks. In return, the organization will prevent the growth of ISIS, address the crisis in humanity and increase its efforts to solve issues that undermine regional stability. The military interventions such as CENTCOM were formed to combat policies that were against the interest and values of the Americans. In response to the September attacks, the American government, and institutions such as CENTCOM decided to eliminate the terrorist efforts of the Al-Qaida group. Apart from that, there was a common hatred between the U.S and the Muslims. The media, public opinion, and public officials failed to differentiate the Wahhabis, Taliban, and Al-Qaida when they made their attacks. The United States invaded Afghanistan after the failure of the Taliban leadership to send bin Laden out of their country. The American attacks killed civilians and extremist terrorists and removed the Taliban government in 2001. In addition, many leaders fled to neighboring countries, such as Osama bin Laden who went to hide in Pakistan. Other factions and countries supported eliminating the Al-Qaida group despite the American invasion. According to Vasiliev (2022), the Russians and Iran helped the northern alliance groups oppose the Taliban government, allowing the Americans to sweep away the Taliban government and send bin Laden into hiding. Finally, the American Special Forces, through technologically advanced devices and community support, managed to locate key agents, militia cells, and the hiding places of the leader of Al-Qaida. In return, leaders, members of the militia their agents were apprehended or killed during the response efforts. In 2011, the American Special Forces captured and killed Osama bin Laden in his hidden residence in Pakistan (Britannica, 2022). This would be followed by stabilizing governments in the Arab nations while submerging extremist operations. Prevention of such future attacks First, the international community should fund efforts that combat terrorist activities. CENTCOM attributes its success to the military’s funding of the forces and operations (M). Secondly, community support is relevant since they maintain peaceful co-existence among communities and neighboring countries. By improving ties among Arab nations and clans have helped the US to align its partners when facing a joint terrorist group. Lastly, ensuring coordination between allies creates a transparent form of direct cooperation while facing terrorist groups (McInnis & McGarry 2022). In return, the threats of Al-Qaida and other extremist factions will be eliminated or controlled. However, continued emergence comes from radicalization and contradictory religious propaganda on the internet and other social platforms. References Britannica, (2022). Al-Qaida; Islamic militant organization. History, Meaning and Terrorist attacks. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?q=https;//www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaida&sa. Byman, D., & Mir, A. (2022). Assessing al-Qaida: A Debate: Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 1-40. McInnis, K. J., & McGarry, B. W. (2022). United States Central Command. Congressional Research SVC. Stenersen, A. (2017). Thirty Years after its Foundation – Where is Al-Qaida Going? Perspectives on Terrorism, (6), 5-16. https://search-ebscohost-com.libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tsh&AN=127360675&site=eds-live&scope=site Vasiliev, A. (2022). CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN ISLAMISTS IN THE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXTS: WAHHABIS, MUSLIM BROTHERS, AND AL-QAIDA. Journal of Globalization Studies.
For this Capstone Case Study Report Project, you will combine the case studies provided surrounding terrorism, terroristic groups, and other aspects of global concerns into one final project about the
10 RATIONAL CHOICE ANALYSIS OF ISIS MUJAHID IN BECOMING CYBER-JIHADISTS JOURNAL ANALYSIS Name University – Criminal Justice Department CMJ 6320 – Capstone in Criminal Justice Dr. Heather Tolle 8/16/2022 Contents Contents 2 Introduction 3 The summary of the article 3 Research problem 3 Criminal justice theory 4 Research design and gathering data 5 Variables 6 Critique of the article 7 Findings 7 Significance of the information 7 Future directions and suggestions for future research 8 Reference 10 RATIONAL CHOICE ANALYSIS OF ISIS MUJAHID IN BECOMING CYBER-JIHADISTS JOURNAL ANALYSIS Introduction The article by Golose (2021) introduces the concepts of cyberterrorism that have occurred due to the introduction of information technology and communication. Over the past few years, there has been a significant evolution of technology which has introduced both positive and negative aspects to the world. The authors agree that among the nations that have received the most devastating terrorist attacks in Indonesia, at first, the terrorist groups were more interested in the wealthy and foreign citizens; however, their attention has shifted to the public areas, police, and worshipping places. Therefore, the sovereignty and integrity of Indonesia have been compromised by the existence of terrorist activities that have led to increased insecurity and violence. For this paper, we shall be critically analyzing cyberterrorism and its negative impacts on the world. The summary of the article Research problem The research problem that the authors sought to cover is how technology has led to a significant increase in radical ideologies, thus promoting terrorism. During the older days, terrorists had to physically recruit their jihadists; however, due to the evolution of technology, media is being used to spread radicalization and increase the recruitment of militia personnel. Therefore, the authors sought to understand the reasons why cyber jihadists have increased significantly over the past few years. The authors agree that due to increased globalization, technology has been globally accepted; however, it has significantly increased the communication of terrorists. Golose (2021). Social media and the internet have been used for spreading terrorist ideologies, thus increasing their recruits globally. The authors agree that most radicalization is based on religious matters; therefore, groups like ISIS in Iraq and Syria are using the media openly to spread their radical messages. In 2017, the ISIS leader Abu Bakar used telegram channels to spread messages relating to violence and destruction. Additionally, groups like ISIS have allocated over fifty percent of their budgets for media activities. Criminal justice theory The criminal justice theory deals with reducing wrongdoings by providing justice and punishment for the perpetrators. The rational choice theory is the most suitable criminal justice theory that can be used to explain the issues relating to cyber terrorism. It is because the theory suggests that all criminal thoughts are based on different societal factors and elements like poverty, education, religion etc. therefore, an individual’s environment determines whether they are predisposed to crime or not. The theory disagrees that crime is based on an individual’s thinking and deviant behavior. It agrees that there are factors in society that usually coerce people to behave as they currently are. Golose (2021). Rational choice theory is related to the article since the author agrees that terrorist ideas and ideologists are normally spread through the technology media. Firstly, it is essential to understand that the terrorist group leaders have a specific way of thinking; their religion normally causes that. For example, Muslim extremism leaders normally insist that their religion is more significant than other religions; that is why they recruit people through the internet to kill others who do not believe in their religion. I believe that the core reason this occurs is due to the environment or surroundings of an individual that normally gives them the idea that their religion is great than others. Terrorism is also related to other factors like poverty and education levels; that is why most militia groups are from developing or undeveloped nations. Research design and gathering data Research design is the blueprints used by the researcher; for this study, the author used a qualitative design that includes the collection of ideas and opinions from former cyber jihadists. This is the most significant design for this study since it includes an explanation of concepts and ideas, therefore, providing the readers with deeper information regarding how terrorism occurs through the internet. Additionally, the authors analyze propaganda sources from former jihadists on how they used to recruit members, meet their budgetary demands and how cyberterrorism has increased significantly in Indonesia over the past few years. Golose (2021). While the data is gathered through interviews with former jihadists and recruiters that are already serving a jail sentence, those interviewed include street food sellers, cellphone stall employees, college students, home industry workers etc. they help the authors to gain more comprehensive information regarding how cyberterrorism has increased over the past few years. Therefore, interviews are significant for this study since they enable the author to get direct feedback from the respondents, provide us with firsthand information, and there is the availability of interviewees; therefore, it is the most effective method. Variables The independent variable is the cause of the activity, while the dependent variable is the effect. Therefore, the changes in the independent variable normally affect the dependent one. The independent variable is the existence of potential media communication methods like encrypted messages, secure websites, codes, spam, and hydra web links. In comparison, the dependent variable is the changes to the individuals that are getting communicated through these methods. Therefore, the internet was used to provide messages and communication using social media tools. While the dependent variable is the changes in the person that receives the communication in terms of whether they will believe that Islam religion is superior to other religions. Golose (2021). Critique of the article Findings The authors conclude that the internet has been universally used by religious extremism Islam, especially in Indonesia, to spread their violent ideas. After studying two groups (ISIS and al-Qaeda), the authors noted that the internet, especially social media, had been used for preparing for attacks, communicating recruitment of jihadists, fundraising and propaganda. Additionally, the radical ideology has been highly spread by the terrorists through the internet. According to the internet from the former cyber jihadists, the internet is more significant for terrorism activities due to its ease of access and its unanimous nature. Additionally, the internet is preferred due to less time required during communication, lower risk of getting caught by authorities and availability of communication tools. Significance of the information The information provided by the authors is essential, especially to the criminal justice system and the international terrorist fighting groups. This is because the older days when terrorists were recruited physically are gone. Therefore, there is a need for the criminal justice system to evolve too and understand how they can monitor the internet, especially for spam messages and coded information that may be related to jihadists. Additionally, it is believed that true Muslims must be loyal to their religion by fighting for their religion through jihad, which amounts to religious extremism. The information is also essential to enhance our knowledge regarding the rational choice theory since it informs us how the media can be used when disseminating radical information. Therefore, the followers are normally encouraged through information disseminated through Twitter, YouTube, Telegram and Facebook. We can also understand that everyone normally makes their decisions make on their preferences. Consequently, an individual may choose the religion in which they believe. This is a right granted to any citizen. A right in which anyone can exercise. Although this occurs, people should not be forced to conform to a specific religion. Golose (2021). Future directions and suggestions for future research The only future direction is that there is a need for the development of technology to identify radicalized information in social media. There is also a need for government forces to develop new methods that can unencrypt radicalized information. The major problem of social media is author’s information may remain unanimous; however, developed technology can be used by anti-terrorism security forces to understand methods to be used in tracing authors of information. However, the author does not provide recommendations for future research relating to cyber jihadists. How the information can be applied in my country and its impacts The information regarding cyber jihadists is significant, especially because of the increased and evolved terrorism activities globally. The internet is being used in developing propaganda, fundraising, and organizing terror attacks against the innocent public. Therefore, the information may be used by the security forces to track potential terrorist members through social media and trace their patterns leading to arrests. The impact of tracing potential terror communication will lead to reduced terrorist activities globally because by using social media, terrorist groups can spread their information to people within different countries globally. There is also a need for multi-governmental policies that seek to limit the usage of social media and report potential threats relating to cyber jihadists. Reference Golose, P. R. (2021). A Rational Choice Analysis of Becoming Cyber-Jihadists. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 15(1), 50-64. https://doi-org.libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/10.5281/zenodo.4766532
For this Capstone Case Study Report Project, you will combine the case studies provided surrounding terrorism, terroristic groups, and other aspects of global concerns into one final project about the
CRIME CONTROL TREATMENT IN SECURE CORRECTIONS FOR SERIOUS JUVENILE OFFENDERS Name University – Criminal Justice Department CMJ 6320 – Capstone in Criminal Justice Dr. Heather Tolle 8/30/2022 TREATMENT IN SECURE CORRECTIONS FOR SERIOUS JUVENILE OFFENDERS Introduction According to the journal, Indonesia has been affected highly by the issue of terrorism while has been spread by social media platforms. The youths are the main users of such platforms whereby they can be easily led to sharing information which is related to terrorism (Golose, 2021). The program of treating serious juvenile offenders through secure correction centers is key to ensuring that once they get out of prison, they will be able to interact with others in the most appropriate way and also abandon terrorism related activities. Program summary History The method’s effectiveness was first tested in the year 2007 which involved creating correction centers where juvenile offenders who had committed serious offenses would be assisted to decrease the levels of which they were involved in violence. It aimed juvenile aged between 12 to 21 years old. The most effective treatment of the issue was conducted by Morales who did 30 comparisons between various groups which used intent to treat data. According to the study, the juveniles who were treated while in secure correction center showed a lower risk of getting engaged in crime in future when compared to the juveniles who did not go through the treatment program. From the research, it is right to conclude that the method is effective when it comes to assisting the juvenile to correct their behavior in order to live with other members of the society in a peaceful way (National Institute of justice, 2018). Goals The main goal of the program is to assist juvenile offenders who are consistently involved in crime to reform before they can be released back to the society. By doing this, the juvenile is assisted to live a positive life free from interfering with other citizens’ rights. To achieve this goal, various interventions are taken which include: engaging them in various psychological approaches, educating them on how to live with other members of the society, offering them basic education, and educating them on how to take care of the environment (National Institute of justice, 2018). Target Population The program targets juveniles aged between 12 to 21 years old. It involves juveniles who are frequently involved in crime and those who show signs of violent behavior. It targets juvenile offenders who have been involved in a violent act which led to injuries of another person. Other types of juveniles targeted are those involved in murder, kidnapping, voluntary man-slaughter, robbery, arson, and assault. Those categorized as chronic juveniles are the ones who have been in juvenile for three or more times (National Institute of justice, 2018). Activities and theories involved Activities which such an individual is taken through include behavioral activities, cognitive-behavioral, education, cognitive, and non-behavioral activities. When it comes to behavioral activities, the juvenile is taught that a criminal behavior is learned and not that one is born with such a behavior. The behavioral learning theory introduces ways through which the juvenile can unlearn criminal tendencies in order to be accepted back by the society. Small expert groups lead staff members in delivering behavioral treatment programs based on the needs of each individual. Some of the programs used include ways of modifying one’s behavior. When it comes to cognitive behavioral treatment, the offenders are equipped with new skills which will enable them to positively interact with other members of the society. Activities involved in meeting the needs of the theory includes evaluating the offender in order to understand areas were they need to make changes, running weekly sessions, equipping them with interpersonal problem-solving skills and other skills as such anger control. Through cognitive treatment, one gains automatic thought and self-instructions which enables them to analyze and come up ways on how to handle various problems in the most appropriate way. When it comes to education treatment theory, it is believed that if one is exposed to high schooling programs, there is a high chance that they will understand how to live with others in the society therefore decreasing crime cases. According to non-behavioral treatment theory, one commits a crime due to emotional distress. This means that once an individual who is suffering from emotional distress is treated, there is a high chance that it will reduce crime incidents. Personnel and cost The document has not provided information on the cost of which a juvenile should pay in order undergo through the program. However, there are several factors which are considered in order to determine whether one should go through the program or not. When it comes to the personnel involved. There is one main director of the programs and various experts who are responsible for impacting the necessary knowledge and skills to the juvenile. They are segmented into groups where in each group, a certain level of training is carried. Achieving the goals set under the group means that the personnel involved have impacted positive knowledge and skills to the juvenile. Evidence rating The best rating for the program is 3 out of 3 because of its strategic methodology of assisting a nation to control crime. There are various reasons why the methodology would be recommended for Indonesia. Just like any other developing country, the youths who are likely to be pulled into crime. While at the age between 12 and 21, they are often highly energetic which means that they are the best when it comes to building the nation. They are also the most targeted by terrorists due to their level of flexibility and joblessness. They can be promised some pay in order to get engaged in terrorism acts. At a young age, they are also very active in social media platforms which makes them the most reliable individuals to spread hate based on terrorism grounds. Another reason why the program is highly effective is that youths often determine the future of a country since they are considered as the leaders of tomorrow. According to the details of the program, the program aims at enabling a juvenile to reform their habits in order for them to peacefully co-exist with all other society members (Maulidi & Ansell, 2021). The program also states that one’s involvement into crime does not define who they are since criminal activities are learned. Through proper training, one can be assisted to abandon such unwanted behaviors. One might be involved in terrorism acts simply because they did not have the right examples to follow. They might be involved in crime because that is what they found their family members doing. This program will enable the individual to abandon their family trends in order to adopt behaviors which are considered as acceptable in the society. Program improvement According to the details of the program, there are several benefits which it would give to a young juvenile especially who lives in Indonesia which is highly affected by terrorism. However, there are some areas of improvement which can assist in strengthening the program. The areas aim towards ensuring that it can be applied to reform various youths in the society. One of the points which should be improved is setting a price for the program. There are no details from the site which indicate how long one should go through the program in order to reform their behavior. This discourages several parents and well-wishers who would be willing to take their loved ones through such a program. It is important to indicate the two based on the goals which the program intends to achieve. Another major issue is that the program does not state whether a juvenile will still remain in the society or whether there is a probability of them being released early since they have undergone through a transformation. It is important that the program should be accompanied by factors which will motivate one to take part into the learning activity. This includes early release after one has met the expectations of the program which will encourage the juvenile to work on reforms in order to be allowed to interact with other members of the society. However, this will be determined by other factors such as the magnitude of the crime committed. Conclusion The program goes hand-in-hand with the current situation of Indonesia whereby terrorism has hindered the development of the economy. Through taking the youths who are associated with terrorism crime through the program. The country will be able to reform as many youths as possible which will make them more productive therefore building the economy of Indonesia. It will also promote peace in the country since society members will co-exist with minimal crime rates. References: Golose, P. R. (2021). A Rational Choice Analysis of ISIS Mujahid in Becoming Cyber-Jihadists. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 15(1), 50-64. Maulidi, A., & Ansell, J. (2021). Corruption as distinct crime: the need to reconceptualise internal control on controlling bureaucratic occupational fraud. Journal of Financial Crime. National Institute of justice (2018, September, 14th). Practice profile: Treatment in secure corrections for serious juvenile offenders. Crime Solutions. https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedpractices/47#pd