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Paraphrasing,,, After greeting for all of youWho can Rewrite the attached file without grammar mistakes. Thanks
Acknowledgement: It is a great pleasure to express my thanks to my supervisor Ms. Asima, for encouraging me to work well in this report. Her continuously guidance is unforgettable as he is wishing to do as much as possible of efforts to help the student to achieve the objective of the study. Also I would like to extend my thanks to the department of civil engineering at National University for allowing me to do the study. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Dr. Hafez, Head of the department and Ms. Eman, Laboratory Instructor and Mr. Aslam, Laboratory Instructor at Al Sokhour ReadyMix for their help and providing necessary information regarding the project. I am thankful for my family, friends and those who helped me to complete my work successfully. GENERAL Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the commonly used type of cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals with study of properties of concrete and its practical applications. In a building construction, concrete is used for the construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing elements. There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such as lime for lime concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road construction. Components of concrete are cement, sand, aggregates and water. Mixture of Portland cement and water is called as paste. So, concrete can be called as a mixture of paste, sand and aggregates. Sometimes rocks are used instead of aggregates. Concrete is manufactured or mixed in proportions w.r.t. cement quantity. There are two types of concrete mixes, i.e. nominal mix and design mix. Nominal mix is used for normal construction works such as small residential buildings. Most popular nominal mix are in the proportion of 1:2:4. Concrete is generally used in two types of construction, i.e. plain concrete construction and reinforced concrete construction. In PCC, it is poured and casted without use of any reinforcement. This is used when the structural member is subjected only to the compressive forces and not bending. In addition, Example of famous and large structures made with concrete are Hoover Dam, Panama Canal and Roman Pantheon. It is the largest human made building materials used for construction. There are a Steps of Concrete Construction, and these steps are: Selecting quantities of materials for selected mix proportion, Mixing, Checking of workability, Transportation, Pouring in formwork for casting, Vibrating for proper compaction, Removal of formwork after suitable time, Curing member with suitable methods and required time. The scope of this project will involve an experimental study on structural grade cementitious fiber reinforced composites in order to evaluate the effect of fresh concrete properties and mechanical properties by mix grade C30 and testing by slump test, compressive strength and split tensile strength in UTM machine. Finally analyzing data after curing for 28 days  period to check of workability and strength properties if it can be used as a replacement of silica fume and alccofine to fine aggregate and cement respectively to assist in solving environmental pollution issues and the lack of neutral resources. In this Chapter, the research contributions by various authors are compiled to study alccofine and silica fume addition with PVA fiber. This chapter summarized different researches, which were using silica fume, PVA fiber and Alccofine with concrete mix. All of the discussed studies in this chapter aimed to improve durability properties, workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, resistance effects and toughness of strength properties. They were successful experiments and confirmed the advantage of reduction in the cost of construction material beside conserving natural resources and protecting the environment. Alccofine: Alccofine products has been used on metro rail projects, dam projects, roads, fly overs, bridges and iconic structures in India & across the world. Alccofine is a range of micro fine mineral additives for concrete. It improves the performance parameters of concrete in wet and hardened stage. In addition, it is a range of cementitious micro fine injection grouts for soil stabilisation, tunnel grouting, permeation grouting, etc. Physical & Chemical properties of Alccofine: ALCCOFINE is a specially processed product based on slag of high glass content with high reactivity obtained through the process of controlled granulation. Alccofine have used conforming to ASTM C989-99. Physical and Chemical Properties: Silica Fume : Silica fume, also known as micro silica is an important material considered as a waste material which could have a promising future for improving mechanical properties strength of concrete by adding partial or full to Portland cement concrete to improve its properties. Silica fume is very fine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon with ferrosilicon alloy or production silicon metal. The raw materials are coal, quartz and woodchips. Compressive Strength Test Compressive strength of concrete mortar test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa (2200 psi) to 30 MPa (4400 psi) and higher in commercial and industrial structures. Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, and quality control during production of concrete etc. Test for compressive strength is carried out either on mortar or plate. Various standard codes recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test. The Apparatus which was used in this test are listed below: Mortars with size of 100mm*100mm*100mm and Plates with size of 500mm*150mm*20mm Samples of PVA Fiber, Silica fume, Alccofine, OPC, Fly Ash and Sand. Digital balance to read the weights Compression testing machine Flexural testing machine Brush Oi Tamping rod Setting time of cement: When cement is mixed with water, it hydrates and makes cement paste. This paste can be moulded into any desired shape due to its plasticity. Within this time cement continues with reacting water and slowly cement starts losing its plasticity and set harden. This complete cycle is called Setting time of cement. Initial Setting time of Cement:- The time at which cement starts hardens and completely loses its plasticity is called Initial setting time of cement. For Ordinary Portland Cement, The initial Setting Time is 30 minutes. Final Setting time of Cement:- The time at which cement completely loses its plasticity and became hard is a final setting time of cement. For Ordinary Portland Cement, The Final Setting Time is 600 minutes (10hrs). Mix design and proportion: The project was completed by using PVA fiber to investigate the optimum strength of ternary blended cement mortar. Preparing of concrete is depending on the grade mix design and quantity calculation. The concrete ingredients are; cement, PVA fiber, silica fume, fly ash and alccofine, water to be added together with specific quantity to produce an appropriate mix of concrete. Six different mixes of concrete were prepared based on the calculated proportional with 0.35 W/C .The advantage of proportion is to provide sufficient quantity for each mix which will be economical. Each of these components is able to affect the quality of concrete properties. For example, adding more amount of alccofine and silica fume in the mix can lead to increase the strength and durability. The first mix between cement, fiber, fly ash, silica fume and water mixed together in proper quantity to produce an appropriate mix of concrete and then fill what they mixed into mortars and plates. Each of those elements is capable to impact on the concrete properties and quality within the harden state. Proportioning of mix of ternary blended mortar with a constant 70% of cement and add of Alccofine with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and 30% . Also, Adding Fiber 1% from volume of cement. At the beginning, each material was weighted in the quantity required and placed in the mixer machine. Then, the mixer was switched ON to mix the material with each other within three minutes. After this step, the mixer machine mold was turned down to pour in the container. Furthermore, hand mixing was done properly by using scoop until the water distribution happened with the material. The second mix between cement, fiber, fly ash, alccofine and water mixed together in proper quantity to produce an appropriate mix of concrete and then fill what they mixed into mortars and plates. Each of those elements is capable to impact on the concrete properties and quality within the harden state. Proportioning of mix of ternary blended mortar with a constant 70% of cement and add of Alccofine with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and 30% . Also, Adding Fiber 1% from volume of cement. At the beginning, each material was weighted in the quantity required and placed in the mixer machine. Then, the mixer was switched ON to mix the material with each other within three minutes. After this step, the mixer machine mold was turned down to pour in the container. Furthermore, hand mixing was done properly by using scoop until the water distribution happened with the material. The conclusion from the first and second mix is that we used silica fume in the first mixture and we used alccofine in the second mixture. Flexural Strength Test: Flexural strength is a measure of the tensile strength of concrete beams or slabs. Flexural strength identifies the amount of stress and force an unreinforced concrete slab, beam or other structure can withstand such that it resists any bending failures. In addition, Flexural strength test was performed for concrete at specific age until it indicates the best strength of concrete. After completed the plates curing in 28 day, it was removed from the curing tank. Then, plates were placed to dry under the sun for one day. First step, each plate was placed into UTM machine at the center of UTM plate properly. All the details of mortars and plates written inside the software .Second step, pressed the green button until two plates were placed at the top and bottom of the mortar to distribute the applied load uniformly. Third step started the test until show in graph the load strength was filed of mortar. Forth step, remove the mortar after testing and observing crack on the faces of the mortar. The dimension of each cube is (100mm × 100mm × 100mm). The Flexural strength was calculated through the given formula: F= PL/ (bd 2) , Where, F= Flexural strength of concrete (in MPa). P= Failure load (in N). L= Effective span of the beam (5000mm). b= Breadth of the beam (150mm). Mortar and plate casting test: Six Mortar and six plates were casted for each test .The size of each mortar is (100mm × 100mm × 100mm) and the size each plate is (500mm × 150mm × 120mm). First step of test, oil placed for each mold and covered all internal four side faces. The second step was placing the concrete into mortars mold by 3 layers and for plate 3 layer .Third step was tamping 25 blows for each layer by tamping rod. Forth step, level the top surface with writing important details of molds as small notes into the top. Fifth step, they were kept dry for 24 hours and after the dry period the concrete was removed from the mold .Sixth step, they were placed into curing tank of water with 28 days to have complete strength with suitable temperature. Compressive strength test: The meaning of compressive strength is to measure the concrete ability to carry or resist the loads on its surface without any deflection or crack. The strength of concrete has increased with the age and after completing 28 day, the strength results were as shown in the following table: In addition, compressive strength test was performed for concrete at specific age until it indicates the best strength of concrete. After completed the mortars curing in 28 day, it was removed from the curing tank. Then, mortars were placed to dry under the sun for one day. First step, each mortar was placed into UTM machine at the center of UTM plate properly. All the details of mortars written inside the software .Second step, pressed the green button until two plates were placed at the top and bottom of the mortar to distribute the applied load uniformly. Third step started the test until show in graph the load strength was filed of mortar. Forth step, remove the mortar after testing and observing crack on the faces of the mortar. The dimension of each cube is (100mm × 100mm × 100mm). The compressive strength was calculated through the given formula: Compressive strength Chapter summary As a summary of this chapter, this chapter represented brief properties of the concrete components; cement, water, fly ash, and the replacement materials; alccofine and silica fume and the addition fiber 1% from volume of cement. This chapter studied the physical properties of concrete ingredients such as compressive strength and flexural strength. Besides that, the mix design and proportion and quantity calculation were carried out to prepare the 12 mortars and 12 plates of concrete. The methodology explained how to test workability by compressive strength and flexural strength using UTM machine and casting molds, curing with 28 days to have complete strength with suitable temperature. Finally, methodology concluded with determining the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete mortars and plates. Conclusion: In the present study, PVA fiber is used as addition with one percent from volume of cement . For casting, proportioning of mix of ternary blended mortar with a constant 70% of cement and add of Alccofine with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and 30%. Also, repeatin same process, proportioning of mix of ternary blended mortar with a constant 70% of cement and add of silica fume with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and 30%. Compressive strength is measuring the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. Also, mortars and plates were cast, cured for 28 days and conducted compressive strength and flexural strength respectively. RECOMMENDATIONS In the present study, PVA Fiber were added with concrete as addition of concrete respectively. The following recommendations were made for future works.